"Push-pull" purines have been synthesized by the introduction of electron-accepting functional groups (A = CN, CO(2)Me, and CONHR) to the heterocyclic C(8) position to complement typical electron-donating substituents at C(2) (D(1)) and C(6) (D(2)). The donor-acceptor purines show significantly altered, and overall improved photophysical properties relative to their acceptor-free precursors (A = H); these include red-shifted (20-50 nm) absorption maxima, highly solvatochromic emission profiles (em lambda(max) from 355-466 nm depending on substitution pattern and solvent) with excellent linear correlations between emission energy and solvent polarity (E(T)(N)), improved photochemical stability upon continuous irradiation, and enhanced (up to 2500%) fluorescence quantum yields. Comprehensive structure-property studies show how the absorption/emission maxima and quantum yields depend on donor and acceptor structure, relative donor position (C(2) or C(6)), and solvent (1,4-dioxane, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, methanol, and in some cases water). Further insight regarding electronic structure comes from a quantitative treatment of the solvent-dependent emission data (that provides Delta mu(ge) values ranging from 1.9 to 3.4 D) and DFT (B3LYP/6-311++G**) electronic structure calculations. X-ray crystal structures of several derivatives showcase the molecular recognition capabilities of the donor-acceptor chromophores that overall have photophysical and structural properties suitable for applications in biosensing and materials.

Trichilemmal carcinomas are rare malignant adnexal tumors which can involve the head and, rarely, the eyelid. Accurate diagnosis and differentiation from basal cell carcinoma or trichoepithelioma are dependent on histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. We report a case of an eyelid mass, initially diagnosed by incisional biopsy as a trichoepithelioma, later found on excisional biopsy to be a trichilemmal carcinoma and present a review of the literature of the histopathology, differential diagnosis and management. Consideration of these entities will be useful to the histopathologist and clinician to better identify and treat these challenging lesions.

Purpose:To analyze facial asymmetry in children with unilateral congenital ptosis.Methods: This is a retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing ptosis repair between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2020. Charts were reviewed to ensure a diagnosis of idiopathic unilateral congenital ptosis. Sex, age, laterality, margin to reflex distance 1, levator function, and surgical intervention were collected. Clear preoperative photos without head turn were included. Using the ImageJ software (nih.gov), landmarks of the periorbital region, midface, and lower face were marked, and measurements between these landmarks were taken. Two-tailed Student t tests were used to compare measurements between the ptotic and non-ptotic sides. Relationships between different measurements on the same side of the face were analyzed using paired-variable regressions.Results: Forty-four patients with unilateral congenital ptosis were included. The surgical management consisted of Mullerectomy in 9 of 44 (20%), levator resection in 15 of 44 (34%), and frontalis suspension in 20 of 44 (46%) patients. The side of the face with blepharoptosis was found to more often have smaller margin to reflex distance 1 (p < 0.001), smaller margin to reflex distance 2 (p < 0.005), smaller horizontal palpebral fissure (p < 0.05), shorter midface height (p < 0.001), and a more inferiorly displaced lateral canthus (canthal angle, p < 0.001) relative to the non-ptotic side of the face. The mean head tilt of patients with right sided ptosis (1.37° right tilt) was statistically significantly different from those with left sided ptosis (0.85° left tilt; p = 0.04).Conclusions: In children with unilateral congenital ptosis, the ptotic side of the face was found to be the nondominant side of the face. Patients were also found to have ipsilateral head tilt.

Orbital glial heterotopia, commonly considered a rare congenital lesion generally presenting in children, may first become symptomatic in adulthood. Biopsy is required for diagnosis, with symptoms and prognosis dependent on location and growth of the lesion. Purpose: To review the clinical radiographic and histopathologic findings associated with orbital glial heterotopia. Methods: A literature search in PubMed and Scopus was performed to include all articles published in English between 1980 and January 1, 2019. A case series including 29 case reports of 29 patients, as well as the authors’ 2 cases, were considered in the literature review. Results: The majority of the cases had onset of symptoms (86%) and age at presentation (71%) before 5 years of age. The most common presenting symptoms and signs were swelling (45%), strabismus (32%), and proptosis (26%). The most common lesion locations described were inferolateral (19%) or primarily posterior orbital or apical (19%). The most common findings associated with orbital glial heterotopia were microphthalmia (10%) and anophthalmia (6%); however, the majority did not have systemic abnormalities (71%). The most common imaging modality was CT scan (71%). Diagnosis was made with histologic analysis in all cases, and confirmed after subtotal resection (35%), total resection (39%), or incisional biopsy (26%). The majority of the cases report no growth on repeat imaging, with only 3 reports of recurrence. Conclusions: Glial heterotopia in the orbit is a rare clinical entity most commonly presenting in children. We present 2 cases of orbital glial heterotopia in adults, with a literature on these lesions in both the pediatric and adult populations. Surgeons and pathologists should be aware of this atypical presentation in adulthood. Biopsy is required for diagnosis but is not without risk. Prognosis is generally favorable.

Plasmacytoma is an uncommon presentation of plasma cell malignancy, especially in the absence of multiple myeloma. Orbital plasmacytomas generally originate from bone, although few cases in the literature report orbital extramedullary plasmacytomas. We present the case of a 68-year-old man found to have a solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma in the lateral rectus muscle without further evidence of multiple myeloma. This case demonstrates a rare presentation for such a malignancy, and a review of the literature highlights the importance of proper workup and close monitoring to rule out multiple myeloma to guide management.