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Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning medical tools have the potential to be transformative in care delivery; however, this change will only be realized if accompanied by effective governance that ensures patient safety and public trust. Recent digital health initiatives have called for tighter governance of digital health. A correct balance must be found between ensuring product safety and performance while also enabling the innovation needed to deliver better approaches for patients and affordable efficient health care for society. This requires innovative, fit-for-purpose approaches to regulation. Digital health technologies, particularly AI-based tools, pose specific challenges to the development and implementation of functional regulation. The approaches of regulatory science and “better regulation” have a critical role in developing and evaluating solutions to these problems and ensuring effective implementation. We describe the divergent approaches of the European Union and the United States in the implementation of new regulatory approaches in digital health, and we consider the United Kingdom as a third example, which is in a unique position of developing a new post-Brexit regulatory framework.

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are based at Exeter University. This articleThe emergence of 3D printing technology as a 'disruptive technology' challenges the existing intellectual property framework. Our paper considers one part of that framework -copyright -in the light of 3D printing, with a special focus on issues involving artistic works and liability for authorisation of infringement of copyright.We consider a scenario concerning consumer co-creation arising from 3D chocolate printing technology developed at Exeter University. We discuss the production of two-dimensional artistic works into three dimensions; ownership; originality and substantial copying; authorship, term of protection, and authorisation of infringement.We consider different business models for co-creation of 3D printing technology. We conclude that by resorting to collective bargaining mechanisms and collective licensing schemes akin to those developed in the UK and in Europe, the co-creators could be rewarded through mechanisms akin to benefit sharing.

The discovery that layered transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials such as WS 2[1] and MoS 2 [2] can form nanotubes and other inorganic fullerene-type structures has generated considerable interest in the study and synthesis of nanomaterials consisting of two-dimensional (2D), layered structures. [3][4][5] One unique property of TMD nanomaterials includes superior tribological behavior; [6] other applications include use as solid lubricants, [7] catalysts for hydrosulfurization, [8] and hydrogen-storage devices. [9] Control over the nanoscale architecture could also greatly accelerate investigations of finite size effects on complex electronic properties such as superconductivity and charge-density wave (CDW) behavior. For example, tantalum disulfide (TaS 2 ) displays three polytypes where Ta atoms are covalently bonded between two layers of S atoms in trigonal prismatic (2H), octahedral (1T), or mixed (6R) coordinations. [10] Investigations of structureproperty relationships of TaS 2 nanomaterials have been limited, however, because they can neither be produced in high yield nor with control over the crystalline structure.Tubular TaS 2 nanomaterials have been synthesized by the hydrogen reduction of TaS 3 precursors [11] but the crystal structure could not be determined because of sample degradation under the electron beam. Other nanostructures of TaS 2 include fullerene-like TaS 2 nanoparticles produced by a gas-phase reaction [12] and TaS 2 nanoplates formed by laser ablation [13] or from molecular precursors. [14] 2H-TaS 2 nanowires synthesized from elemental Ta and S by chemical vapor transport exhibited a superconductivity transition temperature (T c ¼ 3.4 K) higher than that of bulk 2H-TaS 2 (0.8 K). [15] Recently, we demonstrated synthetic control over the size, shape, and polytype of surface-patterned TaS 2 nanostructures by converting nanopatterned tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) to TaS 2 using a gas-phase reaction. [14] Here we report how large quantities of crystalline TaS 2 multi-walled nanotubes can be synthesized starting from Ta 2 O 5 nanotube templates. We achieved control over the length, diameter, and the number of TaS 2 layers within the nanotube. Our template-based approach produced a high yield of structurally uniform nanotubes, which opens up possibilities for potential scalable applications. Also, we observed that the electronic properties were different from the bulk, where the T c of the TaS 2 nanotubes was elevated, and the CDW transition temperature (T CDW ) was suppressed. Figure 1a depicts the scheme for converting Ta 2 O 5 nanotubes to multi-walled TaS 2 nanotubes. First, largearea arrays (%3.5 Â 10 10 tubes cm À2 ) of amorphous Ta 2 O 5 communications [ Ã ] Prof.Figure 1. a) Scheme of chemical conversion process to synthesize TaS 2 nanotubes starting from Ta 2 O 5 nanotube templates. b) SEM image of Ta 2 O 5 nanotube arrays formed after anodizing the Ta film. c) TEM image of a Ta 2 O 5 nanotube. d) Photograph of bulk quantities of TaS 2 nanotubes.1096