Adapting previously proven interventions designed for other MSM can significantly reduce HIV risk behaviors of Black MSM.

Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are at considerable risk for HIV infection. A convenience sample of BMSM (n=252) attending nightclubs in three North Carolina cities was surveyed to investigate factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). About 45% reported UAI in the past 2 months. BMSM who strongly agreed that their male friends used condoms for anal sex were significantly less likely to report any UAI. Recently incarcerated men were significantly more likely to report unprotected insertive anal sex. In secondary analyses, men who reported experiencing discrimination based on their race and nongay identified men reported more favorable peer norms for condom use. Men who reported that their family disapproved of their being gay were more likely to have been incarcerated in the past 2 months. HIV prevention for BMSM must promote supportive peer norms for condom use and address incarceration, racial discrimination, and family disapproval.

Finding effective and responsive ways to implement HIV/AIDS prevention in faith settings is facilitated by engaging diverse partners throughout the research process.

No abstract

Budgetary surveys of the quantities of food obtained for consumption by whole households cannot by their very nature give direct information about the diets of individuals. This may not matter to economists; to nutritionists it is a most serious limitation. There is only one small but important group of households, those consisting of one person, for whom it is prima facie possible to use budgetary records to assess actual food consumption. Some early National Food Survey records indicated that such assessments were valid. The winter of 1947-8 was one of privation, judged by current British standards. Bread and potatoes, which had been freely available throughout the war, were both rationed, and during the previous year the people as a whole had lost weight (Kemsley, 1953) and complained publicly about the food supply (Harries & Hollingsworth, 1953). The continuous survey of the diets of urban working-class households begun in 1940 was therefore suspended for 6 months (October 1947-March 1948) to allow the field workers to concentrate on those groups most likely to be affected by the shortages, especially heavy manual workers' households and old-age pensioners living alone. The sample in each group was augmented by a small initial sample of households providing fresh personal contacts for survey in the neighbourhood. The defects of the method are obvious (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: National Food Survey Committee, 1956, Appendix D), but a rapid survey of very restricted groups could hardly have been made otherwise. The initial sample of pensioners was based on registrations for additional tea for those over 70 years of age, but some of the added pensioners were in their sixties. The resulting sample contained 508 women aged over 60 years: the energy values of their food consumption, estimated from their own