Kenya lags behind its East Africa partners in reducing childhood mortality. Childhood mortality can be prevented or reduced if women have access to quality care during conception, pregnancy, and in intra-partum and post-natal periods. In Kenya, few women use adequate antenatal care services and many still deliver at home. Using the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey data, this study investigates the effects of adequate use of antenatal and skilled delivery care services on neonatal and under-five mortality. Two-stage residual inclusion and control function approaches are used. The main finding is that adequate antenatal care and skilled assistance during delivery reduce neonatal and under-five mortality. Thus, policies that promote use of maternal health services such as increasing women's education and reducing average distances to health facilities should be implemented.

The burden of illness in Kenya has been high and rising with chronic illness becoming an important contributor to disease burden. Grossman (1972) viewed stock of health as an investment good that determines total healthy time available for market activities. Illness, therefore, can reduce total amount of healthy time causing individual's to prefer flexible types of employment. This study estimates the effect of chronic illness on probability of participating in various type of employment in Kenya using the Kenya integrated household budget survey data. Multinomial probit models were used to model choice between wage employment, non-agricultural selfemployment, agricultural self-employment and not working since data did not support the multinomial logit's assumption of IIA. The results indicated that compared to not working, chronic illness reduced likelihood of individuals working in wage employment and in agricultural self-employment. When the analysis was disaggregated by gender, results showed that while chronic illness significantly reduced women's likelihood of working in wage employment and in agricultural self-employment, it did not significantly influence men's choice of employment type. Policies need to be put in place by the government to control the up rise in chronic illnesses. This can be through promotion of health lifestyles by advocating for consumption of healthy diets, physical activity and non tobacco consumption.The government can ensure proper management of chronic illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, high blood pressure by making available at subsidized prices management drugs. Reducing chronic illness incidences not only increases utility of the individuals, but also affect labor market choices.

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Universal health coverage is key to the Kenyan government's 'big four' development agenda which is meant to be to be achieved by 2022. Over the years, health has always been given a higher priority and has been at the epicenter of political campaign manifesto. As a result, the government has continuously pumped resources into the health sector, and established public insurance scheme, as well as providing an enabling environment for private insurance companies in the spirit of achieving the objectives of better health care. However, insurance penetration is low with a 4 percent uptake of the private insurance and 16 percent uptake of public insurance. This low uptake has contributed to the huge out-ofpocket budgets and expenditures in Kenya, which sums up to approximately 26.1% of the percent of the overall healthcare expenditure in Kenya. This has contributed to an increase in the level of poverty as well as dependency ratios. This research aimed to look into the determinants of health insurance demand in Kenya using the Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model. The research used secondary data spanning from 1980 to 2018. The study established that, income levels positively affects health insurance demand in the long-run, the effect is however, negative in the short-run. The study established that financial development has no effect on health insurance demand. Inflation rate negatively affects health insurance demand in the long run but a positive one in the short-run. Unemployment has a negative effect on health insurance demand both in the short-run and in the long-run. Finally, education level has a positively affects health insurance demand in the long-run but a negative relationship in the short-run.