Considerable attention has been paid to the vulnerability of critical infrastructures because of the increasing occurrence of disruptive events, such as man-made or natural disasters. Even small disruptions could eventually affect the normal function of infrastructure systems. Enhancing the reliability of these systems and their robustness to disruptions is necessary and urgent. High-speed rail is a critical infrastructure that is subject to various disruptions, including component aging, malicious attacks, natural disasters, and demand surges. In this study, we analyze the topological centrality indicators of China Railway High-speed network using network theory and take real train flow information for assessing the importance of network components in terms of vulnerability to disruption. By Monte Carlo simulation, we analyze the risk of the China Railway High-speed network under random attacks and spatially localized failures. The significance of taking pre-actions for protecting critical infrastructures by mitigating its vulnerability to disruptions is emphasized.

Background: Pests affect the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry, and seriously threaten food safety and ecological health, the research for efficient and green control measures never stop. Pesticides are currently the most effective means to control pests and ensure food supplies. However, the various drawbacks of traditional pesticide formulations make the utilization low, and most of active ingredients flow into the air, groundwater and soil, destroying the environment. In this research, a novel nano pesticide formulation was synthesized to improve the utilization, with control release performance and anti-photolysis especially. CuBTC, a metal organic framework (MOF) material, was designed as carrier to absorb avermectin (AVM), a commonly used pesticide in agriculture and forestry, to prepare nano pesticide. Results: The prepared AVM@CuBTC had slow release properties, could be released continuously for about 120 h, and the cumulative release exceed 91.5%, and had a more stable release process under different acid-base conditions. The particle size of AVM@CuBTC was about 450 nm, and the loading efficiency reached 38%. The AVM@CuBTC nano pesticide could protect AVM from photolysis, and the amount of degradation was reduced by 50.7% after 5 d treatment. In addition, the particles AVM@FITC@CuBTC were prepared by labeling with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to research the distribution on larval epidermis, to clarify the coverage, adhesion and permeability of AVM@CuBTC. Finally, the cytotoxicity and contact toxicity of AVM@CuBTC was compared with free AVM, the cytotoxicity and contact toxicity increased by 42.4% and 39.6%, respectively. Conclusion: The cytotoxicity and contact toxicity of AVM are the key factors for the control of pests. Applying AVM@CuBTC to the prevention and control of agricultural and forestry pests is of great significance to the reduction of pesticides and environmental friendliness.