Within these models, explicit processes are described as less efficient and more intentional, controllable and consciously regulated than implicit processes (Bargh, 1994). These processes refer to facets of social-cognitive theories such as beliefs, expectations, intentions and the self-regulation of intention implementation (Rhodes, 2017). Implicit processes, on the contrary, are considered relatively more automatic (Bargh, 1994), such that their behavioral influences are presented as being more efficient, unintentional, uncontrollable, and less conscious than explicit processes (for a critical view of the distinction proposed here see:

Objective: Four studies examined the relationship between motivational imbalance-the degree to which a goal dominates other goals-and political activism. Method: Based on the dualistic model of passion (Vallerand, 2015) and recent theorizing on violent extremism (Kruglanski, Jasko, Chernikova, Dugas, & Webber, 2017), we predicted that obsessive passion (OP), which facilitates alternative goal suppression, would increase support for violent political behaviors. In contrast, we predicted that harmonious passion (HP), which facilitates the integration of multiple goal pursuits, would increase support for peaceful political behaviors. Results: Study 1a demonstrated that OP for environmentalism was positively associated with moral disengagement, which in turn predicted violent behaviors. HP was positively associated with peaceful behaviors. Political activism among Democrats yielded similar findings in Study 1b. Study 2 replicated Studies 1a-1b using an implicit measure of moral disengagement. Study 3 replicated Studies 1-2 by demonstrating that experimentally inducing a harmonious (vs. obsessive) passion mindset indirectly reduced violent behaviors through the attenuation of moral disengagement while directly promoting peaceful behaviors. Study 4 conceptually replicated Studies 1-3 by experimentally manipulating moral disengagement. Conclusions: These results offer insights into the workings of radicalization and suggest theory-driven methods of reducing political violence. K E Y W O R D S moral disengagement, passion, political activism, radicalization, violence | 1235 BÉLANGER Et AL.

Regular exercise is thought to involve both reflective (e.g., intention) and automatic (e.g., habit) mechanisms. Intrinsic motivation is a reflective factor in exercise initiation; we propose that the experience of intrinsic exercise rewards (enjoyment; stress reduction) may come to function as a factor in exercise automaticity, or habit, and therefore of exercise maintenance. The current studies evaluate whether the relationship between intrinsic exercise rewards and exercise is mediated by behavioral intention for those newer to exercise (initiators) but mediated by behavioral habit strength for longer term exercisers (maintainers). In 2 studies, self-reported exercise stage (initiation vs. maintenance), intrinsic exercise rewards, intentions, and habit strength were measured at baseline. For outcomes, Study 1 concurrently assessed self-reported exercise in a large sample of U.S. college students (n ϭ 463), and Study 2 prospectively assessed objective activity using accelerometers for 1 month in a U.S. college student and staff population (n ϭ 114). Moderated mediation analyses resulted in support of the hypotheses: Habit strength significantly mediated the relationship between intrinsic rewards and exercise for maintainers in Studies 1 and 2 (unstandardized indirect effect ϭ 7.66 and 0.04, respectively; p Ͻ .05) but less strongly for initiators in Study 1 and not at all for initiators in Study 2. Intentions mediated the relationship for initiators (unstandardized indirect effect ϭ 0.94 and 0.02, respectively; p Ͻ .05) but not for maintainers, as expected. We concluded that intrinsic rewards may promote exercise repetition via intentional or reflective means in initiation but via habit strength in maintenance. Interventions that foster intrinsic exercise rewards may promote exercise maintenance through habitual action.

Objective: To evaluate the role of age as a moderator of bone regeneration patterns and symphysis remodeling after genioplasty. Method: Fifty-four patients who underwent genioplasty at the end of their orthodontic treatment were divided into three age groups: younger than 15 years at the time of surgery (group 1), 15 to 19 years (group 2), and 20 years or older (group 3). Twenty-three patients who did not accept genioplasty and had a follow-up radiograph 2 years after the end of their orthodontic treatment were used as a control group. Patients were evaluated at three time points: immediate preoperative (T1), immediate postoperative (T2,) and 2 years postsurgery (T3). Results: The mean genial advancement at surgery was similar for the three age groups, but the extent of remodeling around the repositioned chin was greater in group 1, less in group 2, and still less in group 3. Symphysis thickness increased significantly during the 2-year postsurgery interval for the three groups, and this increase was significantly greater in group 1 than in group 3. Remodeling above and behind the repositioned chin also was greater in the younger patients. This was related to greater vertical growth of the dentoalveolar process in the younger patients. There was no evidence of a deleterious effect on mandibular growth. Conclusion: The outcomes of forward-upward genioplasty include increased symphysis thickness, bone apposition above B point, and remodeling at the inferior border. When indications for this type of genioplasty are recognized, early surgical correction (before age 15) produces a better outcome in terms of bone remodeling. (Angle Orthod. 2015;85:360-373.)

Objectifs – Évaluer le rôle de l’âge sur la régénération osseuse par remodelage au niveau de la symphyse après génioplastie. Méthode – Cinquante-quatre patients ayant bénéficié d’une génioplastie à la fin de leur traitement orthodontique ont été divisés en trois groupes selon leur âge au moment de l’intervention : moins de 15 ans (groupe 1), 15 à 19 ans (groupe 2) et 20 ans ou plus (groupe 3). Le groupe contrôle est constitué de 23 patients n’ayant pas désiré de génioplastie, suivis radiographiquement deux années après la fin de leur traitement. Les patients ont été évalués à trois moments : juste avant l’intervention (T1), juste après l’intervention (T2) et deux ans après l’intervention (T3). Résultats – La quantité d’avancement mentonnier est identique pour les trois groupes, mais la quantité de remodelage osseux est plus importante pour le groupe 1, un peu moins notable pour le groupe 2 et encore moins pour le groupe 3 que pour le groupe 2. Pour les trois groupes, l’épaisseur de la symphyse a considérablement augmenté dans les deux années qui ont suivi l’intervention, mais la quantité d’os néoformé est bien plus importante dans le groupe 1 que dans le groupe 3. Le remodelage osseux, aussi bien au-dessus que derrière la symphyse déplacée, est également plus important chez les plus jeunes du fait de la croissance verticale des procès alvéolaires. Il n’y a aucune preuve d’un quelconque effet délétère de la génioplastie sur la croissance mandibulaire. Conclusion – La génioplastie avec déplacement du segment mentonnier vers le haut et vers l’avant permet d’accroître l’épaisseur de l’os symphysaire, par apposition osseuse au-dessus du point B, ainsi qu’au niveau du point Gnathion. Lorsqu’elle est indiquée, la génioplastie doit être réalisée avant l’âge de 15 ans pour générer les meilleurs résultats en termes de remodelage osseux.