Abstract. The use of scintillometers to determine sensible heat fluxes is now common in studies of land-atmosphere interactions. The main interest in these instruments is due to their ability to quantify energy distributions at the landscape scale, as they can calculate sensible heat flux values over long distances, in contrast to Eddy Covariance systems. However, scintillometer data do not provide a direct measure of sensible heat flux, but require additional data, such as the Bowen ratio (β), to provide flux values. The Bowen ratio can either be measured using Eddy Covariance systems or derived from the energy balance closure. In this work, specific requirements for estimating energy fluxes using a scintillometer were analyzed, as well as the accuracy of two flux calculation methods. We first focused on the classical method (used in standard softwares) and we analysed the impact of the Bowen ratio on flux value and uncertainty. For instance, an averaged Bowen ratio (β) of less than 1 proved to be a significant source of measurement uncertainty. An alternative method, called the "β-closure method", for which the Bowen ratio measurement is not necessary, was also tested. In this case, it was observed that even for low β values, flux uncertainties were reduced and scintillometer data were well correlated with the Eddy Covariance results. Besides, both methods should tend to the same results, but the second one slightly underestimates H while β decreases (<5%).

Room‐temperature microplastic phenomena in oxide glasses are attributed to the combined effects of densification and shear flow, the origin of which, however, remains speculative. Using atomic force microscopy imaging to analyze the imprint topology created by microindentation in mixed alkali alumino‐phosphate glasses, we show that the amount of matter displaced at the surface is correlated with the alkali mobility. These results lead to the conclusion that mobile alkali assists shear flow processes produced by indentation at room temperature and that these processes correspond to plastic rather than viscous flow.

Abstract. The use of scintillometers to determine sensible heat fluxes is now common in studies of land-atmosphere interactions. The main interest in these instruments is due to their ability to quantify energy distributions at the landscape scale, as they can calculate sensible heat flux values over long distances, in contrast to Eddy Correlation systems. However, scintillometer data do not provide a direct measure of sensible heat flux, but require additional data, such as the Bowen ratio (β), to provide flux values. The Bowen ratio can either be measured using Eddy Correlation systems or derived from the energy balance closure. In this work, specific requirements for estimating energy fluxes using a scintillometer were analyzed, as well as the accuracy of two flux calculation methods. We first focused on the classical method (used in standard software). We analysed the impact of the Bowen ratio according to both time averaging and ratio values; for instance, an averaged Bowen ratio (β) of less than 1 proved to be a significant source of measurement uncertainty. An alternative method, called the "β-closure method", for which the Bowen ratio measurement is not necessary, was also tested. In this case, it was observed that even for low β values, flux uncertainties were reduced and scintillometer data were well correlated with the Eddy Correlation results.

Large-aperture scintillometers (LAS) are often used to characterize atmospheric turbulence by measuring the structure parameter of the refractive index C n 2 . However, absorption phenomena can lead to an overestimation of C n 2 . By applying an accurate numerical filtering technique called the Gabor transform to the signal output of a LAS, we improved our knowledge of the accuracy of the measured C n 2 by determining and attenuating the contribution of absorption. Two studies are presented on a 12-day dataset using either fixed band pass or adaptive filtering. The first consists of evaluating the best-fit filter for which the resulting C n 2 is independent of meteorological conditions, especially crosswind, and the second consists in accurately reconstructing the signal to remove absorption, without losing information on C n 2 . A reference C n 2 (hereafter 'reconstructed C n 2 ') is created by accurately removing absorption from the scintillation spectrum, and is used to evaluate each filter. By comparing the 'reconstructed C n 2 ' with a raw C n 2 measured with a scintillometer, in the presence of absorption, we found that the average relative contribution of absorption to the measurement of C n 2 is approximately 9%. However, the absorption phenomenon is highly variable; occasionally, in the worst cases, we estimate that the absorption phenomenon could represent 81% of the value of C n 2 . Some explanations for this high variability are proposed with respect to theoretical considerations. Amongst the fixed band-pass filtering used, we conclude on the preferential use of a band-pass filter [0.2-400 Hz] for C n 2 , as its performance is only slightly affected by the crosswind, and that the mean absorption contribution is reduced to 5.6%, with a maximum value of 60%. Using an adaptive filter on the 12-day dataset really improves the filtering accuracy for both points discussed-the independence of meteorological conditions and the quality of signal reconstruction.

Silica ionogels were synthesized from tetramethoxysilane (T MOS ),methyltrimethoxysilane (MT MS ) and 1-ethyl-2-methylimidazolium Acetate (EMI MAc: Ionic Liquid) in different proportions .The textural characterizations showed an effect of these concentrations on the corresponding aerogels: pore size distributions and effective surfaces. The structure of the aerogels was measured with a SAXS (Small-Angle XRay Scattering) apparatus and was typical of acid catalyzed aerogels. Conductivity voltage measurements, operated on the ionogels, were carried out using an electrical 4 wire-electrodes set up. The electrical voltage temporal response of the EMIMAc silica ionogel was modelled by a RLC series circuit which characteristics depended on the synthesis.