Over's (1979, 1981) procedure for studying infant discrimination using a signal detection analysis of observers' ratings of infant behavior was followed to test the Trevarthen-Brazelton claims that 3-month-olds distinguish people from objects and nonverbally communicate with familiar caregivers. The two groups of observers-parents and undergraduates-could judge from videotaped samples of 3-and 10-month-old infants' behavior if the infants were alone or otherwise, with something that was active or passive, and if they were greeting or withdrawing. Observers could only judge whether the infants were with their mother or an object for the 10-month-olds. The greeting-withdrawal results seem to indicate that 3-month-olds dp communicate with their caregivers except that the observers were also able to judge greeting-withdrawal when the infants were with an object. There were no sensitivity differences between the two observer groups, although the parents were biased to expect the infants to be with mother and to be greeting.

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This paper comprises three sections. First, we offer a traditional defence of deontology, in the manner of, for example, W.D. Ross (1965). The leading idea of such a defence is that the right is independent of the good. Second, we modify the now standard account of the distinction, in terms of the agent-relative/agentneutral divide, between deontology and consequentialism. (This modification is necessary if indirect consequentialism is to count as a form of consequentialism.) Third, we challenge a value-based defence of deontology proposed by Quinn