The validation of time-temperature superposition (TTS) of non-linear parameters obtained from large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) is investigated for a model viscoelastic fluid. Oscillatory time sweeps were performed on a 11 wt% solution of high molecular weight polyisobutylene in pristane as a function of temperature and frequency and for a broad range of strain amplitudes varying from the linear to the highly non-linear regime. Lissajous curves show that this reference material displays strong non-linear behavior when the strain amplitude is exceeding a critical value. Elastic and viscous Chebyshev coefficients and alternative non-linear parameters were obtained based on the framework of Ewoldt et al. ( 2008) as a function of temperature, frequency, and strain amplitude. For each strain amplitude, temperature shift factors a T (T) were calculated for the first order elastic and viscous Chebyshev coefficients simultaneously, so that master curves at a certain reference temperature T ref were obtained. It is shown that the expected independency of these shift factors on strain amplitude holds even in the non-linear regime. The shift factors a T (T) can be used to also superpose the higher order elastic and viscous Chebyshev coefficients and the alternative moduli and viscosities onto master curves. It was shown that the Rutgers-Delaware rule also holds for a viscoelastic solution at large strain amplitudes.

<p>The construction industry is in transition. Recyclable materials will become more common to minimise the negative impact of materials. Additive manufacturing with circular composite material is introduced to infrastructure, requiring new design solutions. A thorough understanding of the material behaviour during and after the 3D printing process is needed. It is a misunderstanding that large 3D printing is an upscale of the commonly known small desktop 3D printing. The geometric layout for large print is highly dependent on the window of operation, dominated by the thermal material characteristics. Besides material orthotropy because of fiber orientation, the printed structure is geometrically orthotropic. Different print strategies result in different structural behaviour of the printed part. This paper aims to explain the important factors to consider for the design and engineering of 3D printed load bearing structures, such as bridges, with circular composites, as well as the associated disruption of the value chain.</p>