As wind turbine technology proceeds towards the development of more advanced and complex machines, modelling tools with fidelity higher than the ubiquitous Blade Element Momentum (BEM) method are needed. Among them, the Actuator Line Method (ALM) stands out in terms of accuracy and computational cost. Moving from this background, an advanced ALM method has been developed within the commercial solver CONVERGE®. As elements of novelty, this tool features a Lagrangian method for sampling the local inflow velocity and a piece-wise smearing function for the force projection process. Various sub-models for both Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) (e.g. the Shen tip loss correction) and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) (e.g. the MIT dynamic stall model) has also been included. Aim of the research is to address the new challenges posed by modern machines. HAWTs are in fact getting larger and larger, shifting the research focus on the interaction of increasingly deformable blades with the atmosphere at the micro- and mesoscale level. VAWTs on the other hand, whose popularity has arisen in the last years, thanks to their advantages in non-conventional applications, e.g. floating offshore installations, are extremely complex machines to study, due to their inherently unsteady aerodynamics. The approach has been validated on selected test cases, i.e. the DTU 10MW turbine and a real 2-blade H-rotor, for which both high-fidelity CFD and experimental data are available.

Abstract. This work focuses on the validation of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and ferrohydrodynamic (FHD) model for non-isothermal flows in conjunction with Newtonian and nonNewtonian fluids. The importance of this research field is to gain insight into the interaction of non-linear viscous behaviour of blood flow in the presence of MHD and FHD effects, because its biomedical application such as magneto resonance imaging (MRI) is in the centre of research interest. For incompressible flows coupled with MHD and FHD models, the Lorentz force and a Joule heating term appear due to the MHD effects and the magnetization and magnetocaloric terms appear due to the FHD effects in the non-linear momentum and temperature equations, respectively. Tzirtzilakis and Loukopoulos [1] investigated the effects of MHD and FHD for incompressible non-isothermal flows in conjunction with Newtonian fluids in a small rectangular channel. Their model excluded the non-linear viscous behaviour of blood flows considering blood as a Newtonian biofluid. Tzirakis et al. [2,3] modelled the effects of MHD and FHD for incompressible isothermal flows in a circular duct and through a stenosis in conjunction with both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, although their approach neglects the non-isothermal magnetocaloric FHD effects. Due to the fact that there is a lack of experimental data available for non-isothermal and non-Newtonian blood flows in the presence of MHD and FHD effects, therefore the objective of this study is to establish adequate validation test cases in order to assess the reliability of the implemented non-isothermal and non-Newtonian MHD-FHD models. The non-isothermal Hartmann flow has been chosen as a benchmark physical problem to study velocity and temperature distributions for Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian blood flows in a planar microfluidic channel. In addition to this, the numerical behaviour of an incompressible and non-isothermal non-Newtonian blood flow has been investigated from computational aspects when a dipole-like rotational magnetic field generated by infinite conducting wires. The numerical results are compared to available computational data taken from literature [2].