c-myc protooncogene positively regulates cell proliferation and overexpression of c-myc is found in many solid tumors and leukemias. In the present study we used the K562 human myeloid leukemia cell line as a model to study the functional interaction between c-Myc and p53. Using two di erent methods, we generated K562 transfectant cell lines with conditional expression of either c-Myc or p53. The cells expressed the p53 Vall35 mutant, which adopts a wild-type conformation at 328C, while c-Myc induction was achieved with a zinc-inducible expression vector. We found that p53 in wild-type conformation induces growth arrest and apoptosis of K562. Expression of c-Myc signi®cantly attenuated apoptosis and impaired the transcriptional activity of p53 on p21 WAF1 , Bax and cytomegalovirus promoters. The impairment of p21 WAF1 transactivation by c-Myc was con®rmed by transfection of a c-Myc-estrogen receptor fusion protein and by induction of c-myc by zinc in transfected cells. Also, p53-mediated up-regulation of p21 WAF1 mRNA protein were signi®cantly reduced by cMyc, while Bax levels were una ected. Consistently, cMyc increased cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity in K562 cells expressing p53 in wild-type conformation. These results suggest that c-Myc overexpression may antagonize the pro-apoptotic function of p53, thus providing a molecular mechanism for the frequently observed deregulation of c-myc in human cancer.
BackgroundOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous bone disorder characterized by recurrent fractures. Although most cases of OI have heterozygous mutations in COL1A1 or COL1A2 and show autosomal dominant inheritance, during the last years there has been an explosion in the number of genes responsible for both recessive and dominant forms of this condition. Herein, we have analyzed a cohort of patients with OI, all offspring of unaffected parents, to determine the spectrum of variants accounting for these cases. Twenty patients had nonrelated parents and were sporadic, and 21 were born to consanguineous relationships.MethodsMutation analysis was performed using a next‐generation sequencing gene panel, homozygosity mapping, and whole exome sequencing (WES).ResultsPatients offspring of nonconsanguineous parents were mostly identified with COL1A1 or COL1A2 heterozygous changes, although there were also a few cases with IFITM5 and WNT1 heterozygous mutations. Only one sporadic patient was a compound heterozygote for two recessive mutations. Patients offspring of consanguineous parents showed homozygous changes in a variety of genes including CRTAP,FKBP10,LEPRE1,PLOD2,PPIB,SERPINF1,TMEM38B, and WNT1. In addition, two patients born to consanguineous parents were found to have de novo COL1A1 heterozygous mutations demonstrating that causative variants in the collagen I structural genes cannot be overlooked in affected children from consanguineous couples. Further to this, WES analysis in probands lacking mutations in OI genes revealed deleterious variants in SCN9A,NTRK1, and SLC2A2, which are associated with congenital indifference to pain (CIP) and Fanconi–Bickel syndrome (FBS).ConclusionThis work provides useful information for clinical and genetic diagnosis of OI patients with no positive family history of this disease. Our data also indicate that CIP and FBS are conditions to be considered in the differential diagnosis of OI and suggest a positive role of SCN9A and NTRK1 in bone development.
The long-term effects of bisphosphonate treatment in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether treatment with bisphosphonates interferes with the healing of fractures in a group of children with OI. Seven subjects (6 boys), aged 11.4 +/- 5.95 years, were followed for 2.5 +/- 0.84 years after the start of treatment with intravenous pamidronate (9 mg/kg/y) and/or oral alendronate (5 or 10 mg/d). Orthopaedic surgery of 24 bones was performed after 2.33 +/- 4.14 months of treatment, with 1.6 +/- 0.84 osteotomies per bone. Ambulation was started after 26.1 +/- 32.28 days. Reoperation was required in 8% of the bones due to fracture below primary fixation. Pseudoarthrosis was seen in one fracture, an osteotomy of the proximal femur (14% of the patients, as expected in an OI population). These results suggest that treatment with bisphosphonates at the administered doses does not interfere with fracture healing. Larger and longer studies are warranted.
A conceituação de paciente terminal não é algo simples de ser estabelecido, embora freqüentemente nos deparemos com avaliações consensuais de diferentes profissionais. Talvez, a dificuldade maior esteja em objetivar este momento, não em reconhecê-lo.A terminalidade parece ser o eixo central do conceito em torno da qual se situam as conseqüências. É quando se esgotam as possibilidades de resgate das condições de saúde do paciente e a possibilidade de morte próxima parece inevitável e previsível. O paciente se torna "irrecuperável" e caminha para a morte, sem que se consiga reverter este caminhar.Estudos na literatura tentam estabelecer índices de prognóstico e de qualidade de vida, procurando definir de forma mais precisa este momento da evolução de uma doença e tendo como preocupação o estabelecimento de novas diretrizes para o seguimento destes pacientes. Entretanto, estes trabalhos descrevem melhor aspectos populacionais e epidemiológicos, perdendo a especificidade quando aplicados em nível individual. Abre-se a perspectiva de discussão deste conceito caso a caso: um paciente é terminal em um contexto particular de possibilidades reais e de posições pessoais, sejam de seu médico, sua família e próprias. Esta colocação implica em reconhecer esta definição, paciente terminal, situada além da biologia, inserida em um processo cultural e subjetivo, ou seja, humano.Mesmo assim, é evidente que alguns critérios podem tornar este momento menos impreciso, entre eles os clínicos (exames laboratoriais, de imagens, funcionais, anatomopatológicos), os dados da experiência que a equipe envolvida tem acerca das possibilidades de evolução de casos semelhantes, os critérios que levam em conta as condições pessoais do paciente (sinais de contacto ou não com o exterior, respostas ao meio, à dor), a intuição dos profissionais (suas vivências e experiências semelhantes). De qualquer forma, paciente, família e equipe situam-se neste ponto da evolução da doença frente a impossibilidades e limites, de maneira que reconhecer o fim parece ser a dificuldade maior. Denegar este conhecimento determina estragos nos que partem e nos que ficam. Morrer só, entre aparelhos, ou rodeado por pessoas às quais não se pode falar de sua angústia, determina um sofrimento difícil de ser avaliado, mas sem dúvida, suficientemente importante para ser levado em conta. Os que ficam, por outro lado, têm que se haver com a culpabilidade, a solidão e a incômoda sensação de não ter feito tudo o que poderia.As dificuldades no estabelecimento de um conceito preciso não comprometem os benefícios que paciente, família e profissionais podem ter no reconhecimento desta condição.Admitir que se esgotaram os recursos para o resgate de uma cura e que o paciente se encaminha para o fim da vida, não significa que não há mais o que fazer. Ao contrá-rio, abre-se uma ampla gama de condutas que podem ser oferecidas ao paciente e sua família. Condutas no plano concreto, visando, agora, o alívio da dor, a diminuição do desconforto, mas sobretudo a possibilidade de situar-se fren...
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