This study analyzes, from a multicountry perspective, the in uence of the sociodemographic pro les of nascent and new entrepreneurs on their behavior. The panel data-based research approach combines temporal series and cross-sectional data to assess entrepreneurial activities across 22 countries with varying income levels. The results show that entrepreneurs' characteristics in uence entrepreneurial behavior signi cantly and positively, in the following order: previous experience of the founder, age, and education. These ndings suggest valid recommendations for stimulating entrepreneurship, both for enterprising business founders and for the institutions responsible for designing economic and regional development policies.Keywords: nascent an d new entrepreneurs, sociodemographic characteristics, entrepreneurial behavior, panel data methodology.Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Álvarez-Herranz, A.; Valencia-De-Lara, P; Martínez-Ruiz, M. P. 2011. How entrepreneurial characteristics in uence company creation: a cross-national study of 22 countriestested with panel data methodology, Journal of Business Economics and Management 12(3): 529-545. JEL Classi cation: L26, O12, R11.

The management field needs to develop creative and problemsolving capabilities among students and practitioners. In this context, and after recognizing the research methods as a cognitive process part of decision-making, we propose a step-by-step method to conduct applied research in organizational engineering and business management. With this goal, we first conduct a literature review about research methods in an organizational or business context. Subsequently, we explain the theoretical and empirical process that we followed to construct our step-by-step method. Moreover, finally, we present our 'step-by-step' method for applied research in organizations and businesses. We are convinced that research methods are tools that must serve and support researchers, so in our proposal, we detail the activities that must be conducted by a research student, from an eclectic perspective.

DeLara (2017). Model for innovation management by companies based on corporate entrepreneurship. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 15(3), 234-241. doi:10.21511/ppm.15(3-1 AbstractThis paper aims to propose a new model for the manner in which companies manage innovation. To that end, some of the most important research on the topic is analyzed and summarized through a review of its historical background in the indexed databases in WoS (Web of Science) and an analysis of frequently used terms over the past 15 years (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016). The analysis is developed through bibliometric techniques using VOSviewer software, version 1.6.4, seeking to identify recurring and related concepts, such as corporate entrepreneurship, that can leverage company innovation management from the strategy, inherent factors related to human resources and the environment in which the organization operates. Henceforth, this paper focuses on a new model to manage innovation in companies through a conceptualization of innovation and corporate entrepreneurship, this model can be useful in countries with low levels of cooperation between stakeholders and scarce resources, countries on bias of development like Latin America, Africa and some Asian countries. It can be concluded that the company innovation should start with the definition of its strategy, taking into account factors like the human talent and the environment in which the organization is operating, through customized innovation processes that can be applied following some of the multiple models referred to in the literature, framed within the needs of different stakeholders, as indicators of organizational performance. Therefore, the actors which are part of the model are:

RESUMENEl presente estudio comienza con la comprensión del constructor responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) para luego identificar el estado actual de la discusión a través de un análisis bibliométrico, en donde se sugiere la necesidad de revisar las regulaciones gubernamentales desde ciertas decisiones de la corte constitucional. Se selecciona como objeto de estudio a Colombia (Estado social y constitucional de derecho, y economía emergente en pos conflicto) para ofrecer una mirada alternativa a la RSE desde el derecho y establecer pautas para la gestión empresarial a partir del control de constitucionalidad. Palabras clave:Responsabilidad social empresarial -RSE-. Control de constitucionalidad. Análisis bibliométrico. Altas cortes. Gestión. Interdisciplinariedad. RESUMOO presente estudo começa com a compreensão do construtor responsabilidade social empresarial (RSE) para, em seguida, identificar o estado atual da discussão através de uma análise bibliométrica, onde a partir da necessidade de rever as regulamentações governamentais de certas decisões do Tribunal Constitucional, esse tema é selecionado como um objeto de estudo na Colômbia (estado social e direito constitucional e economia emergente no pós-conflito) para fornecer uma visão alternativa à RSE das orientações adequadas e conjunto para administração de empresas pela revisão judicial. Palavras-chave:Responsabilidade social empresarial -RSE-. Revisão judicial. Análise bibliométrica. Tribunais superiores. Gestão. Interdisciplinaridade.

Traditionally, the banking sector has not accounted for the temporary loss in a customer's income, at any stage of the credit life, caused by the changes or the loss of employment, income drops in business, the establishment and development of new projects of agricultural crops with diff erent income levels, or other contingencies that can arise in the today's economy. To address this problem, the present study constructs a phased model of one mother equation, from which a series of equations of fi nancial mathematics are derived as a response to several needs of credit benefi ciaries. Th e proposed model consists of one scenario, based on a mother equation. Th e scenario corresponds to credits with reduced or increasing payment instalments, postponable payment periods. Of the mother equation, 8 explicative variables were solved for a total of 9 phasing formulas for credits with three levels of payment. Our model, in contrast to the traditional one, incorporates postponable payment periods and jumps in payment instalments in any period of the lifetime of the credit due to a temporary loss in the customer's income and changes in the credit user's income.