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Peyzajın görsel estetik kalitesi, günümüz koşullarında korunmaya değer bir kaynak olarak görülmektedir. İnsan ve çevre ilişkisinden oluşan peyzaj insanların algısı ile ifade edilir. Ancak bu sadece görsel algıdan ya da çevremizi nasıl gördüğümüzden ibaret değildir; ayrıca duyduğumuz, kokusunu aldığımız, çevrenin bize hissettirdikleri, bize çağrıştırdığı duygular ve anılar da peyzaj algısını oluştururlar. Çoğunlukla peyzaj algısı ile çevre tercihleri arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanan görsel kalite analizi çalışmalarında, belli bir değerlendirme standardı bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle, görsel kaliteyi belirlemeye yönelik daha önce yapılmış çalışmalarda birbirinden farklı analiz ve değerlendirme yöntemlerinin kullanılmış olduğu belirlenmiştir. İnsan zihninde algının gelişim sürecinde, görsel deneyimlerin baskın olması nedeniyle, kalitesi ölçümlenmek istenen alanların fotoğrafları üzerinden çeşitli değerlendirme yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmaların bir bölümü, kullanıcıların demografik özellikleri ve çevre tercihleri arasındaki ilişki üzerine yoğunlaşırken; bazı çalışmalarda ise yalnızca peyzaj karakter alanları ve görsel kaliteyi etkileyen estetik kuramlar arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Her iki yöntemin birlikte kullanıldığı çalışmalarda ise peyzajın potansiyel kalitesi; algıyı etkileyen parametreler ve estetik kuramları ele almanın yanı sıra, kullanıcıların bakış açısı da bütünleştirilerek ele alınmıştır. Bu derlemede, peyzajın görsel kalitesini etkileyen parametreler, çevre tercihlerinin şekillenmesinde etkili olan unsurlar ve görsel kalite değerlendirmesinde kullanılan yöntemler karşılaştırılmış ve ileriye yönelik planlama ve tasarım çalışmaları için önerilere yer verilmiştir.

BackgroundA strategy to reduce the number of smoking-related deaths is to encourage the involvement of health-care professionals in tobacco-use prevention activities and cessation counseling. Previous studies have shown that physicians’ smoking status affects their efforts to provide smoking cessation counseling. This study investigates the association between pulmonologists’ tobacco use and their efforts in promoting smoking cessation during their routine clinical practices in Turkey.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed among active members of the Turkish Thoracic Society (TTS) between June 2010 and February 2011 using an Internet-based self-administered questionnaire. Participants gave their written informed consent. The survey included questions about responders’ sociodemographics, smoking status, and their routine clinical practice for smoking cessation counseling using the basic 5A’s (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange) of smoking cessation counseling. According to the total score for the 5A’s protocol, smoking cessation counseling was dichotomized into low- and high-effort groups in promoting smoking cessation. Pearson’s chi-square test and t-test were used to compare groups and logistic regression models for the research question, which was approved by the TTS Scientific Ethical Committee.ResultsThe response rate was 41 % (N = 699/1701); 9.9 % were current smokers, and 72.7 % indicated that they provided high effort in promoting smoking cessation. A univariate analysis showed that noncurrent smokers were more likely to make a high effort than current smokers (odds ratio [OR], 1.82; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–3.05; P = 0.02). However, there was no association between tobacco use (current smoking) and making high effort in promoting smoking cessation after controlling for the two confounders, sex and practicing in smoking cessation outpatient clinic (OR, 1.47; 95 % CI: 0.86–2.50; P = 0.1).ConclusionsDespite low response rate in our study and suspicions of underreporting, the smoking rate among the pulmonologists in our study was high. Non-current smokers were more likely to provide high effort in promoting smoking cessation compared to current smokers in univariate analysis. However, after controlling for the two confounders, sex and practising in SCOC, there was no association between tobacco use and providing high effort in promoting smoking cessation. Thus, improving medical school education, specialty training and post-graduate training on smoking cessation counseling may positively affect physician' effort in promoting smoking cessation.

Objective: Telemedicine has been defined as a valuable tool in delivering care for COVID-19 patients. However, clinicians and policymakers should be convinced that traditional and new technological methods of clinical management may be equally effective. The purpose of this study was to generate some initial recommendations based on the clinical utility of videoconference consultation in forward triage and follow-up for COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated the medical records of 100 COVID-19 patients consulted using a videoconference program (Skype), from September 1, 2020, to February 3, 2021. The data were analyzed on demographic characteristics, disease history, the need for physical examination after videoconference consultation, pre-diagnostics and diagnostics, treatment decisions, number of videoconference consultation sessions in follow-up, duration of sessions, and final outcome. Results: The male COVID-19 patients constituted 54% of the total sample. The median age was 51 (42-61) years. The median duration of the initial videoconference consultation session was 16 (12-21) minutes. Following the initial videoconference consultation session, 14 patients required follow-up with all face-to-face visits; the remaining patients were primarily followed with videoconference consultation sessions. For 25 patients, it was sufficient to provide only videoconference consultation sessions; they were not required to be in the hospital for physical examination or any subsequent investigation at all. A total of 14 patients were hospitalized. There was no statistically significant difference between the high-risk group and the other patients according to the components of the disease management process via videoconference consultation. Conclusion: Videoconference consultation enables a holistic assessment regardless of the patient's characteristics and allows for more time to be spent on each patient, particularly during the pandemic period without risk of contagion. It can be used as a forward triage and follow-up tool to identify patients in need of emergency hospitalization and continuous health care.