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In order to demonstrate the effects of isorhamnetin (IH) on the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the role of gut microbiota in this process, an T2DM mouse model was established via a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. After 6 weeks of IH intervention and diabetes phenotype monitoring, the mice were dissected. We detected blood indicators and visceral pathology. Contents of the cecum were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing and short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) detection. The results showed that after IH intervention, the body weight of type 2 diabetic mice was gradually stabilized, fasting blood glucose was significantly decreased, and food intake was reduced (P < 0.05). Isorhamnetin significantly increased the level of SCFAs and decreased the levels of blood lipids and inflammatory factors in mice (P < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that Lactobacillus were significantly decreased and Bacteroidales S24-7 group_norank were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Interestingly, gut microbiota was significantly correlated with inflammatory factors, blood lipids, and SCFAs (P < 0.05). Taken together, our data demonstrated that isorhamnetin could improve the diabetic effects in T2DM mice, which might be mediated by gut microbiota.

Platycodon grandiflorus is a homologous material of traditional medicine and food. Besides a pickle, more importantly, it can also be used in traditional Chinese medicine as an alternative to modern western. Various studies have found that saponins in Platycodon grandiflorus (PGS) can play a role in different diseases (including liver cancer, lung cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases) as the main chemical constituents. However, studies on the treatment of gout arthritis by PGS are not reported, and the mechanism has not been speculated and elucidated systematically. This study describes the anti-inflammatory agent of PGS in treating gouty arthritis by characterizing the degree of joint swelling, inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), peroxides (SOD, MDA, GSH-PX), histopathology and related proteins. The results show that when MSU is injected into the joint, it activates the NLRP3 protein to bind to caspase-1 via ASC to form the NLRP3 inflammatory conjugate, which undergoes a series of changes to promote the release of inflammatory factors causing joint swelling and pain. Therefore, the same as colchicine, PGS can effectively reduce the swelling degree, level of inflammatory factors, and related protein expression while diminishing oxidative stress levels. This study lays the foundation for treating gout arthritis by PGS.

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