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As more than 80% of faults on overhead lines are temporary (transient) in nature which is caused due to lightning strikes, momentary bird or tree limb contact, wind bringing conductors in contact, etc. These type of faults gets cleared by itself in a short duration. But the use of a conventional reclosing scheme results in an outage time which is much larger than the actual fault duration. This is due to the use of fixed dead times in conventional reclosing schemes. This unnecessary outage results in increased consumption of stored energy of energy storage system causing considerable losses. This paper proposes an empirical mode decomposition based adaptive reclosing technique which can sense the exact instant of fault clearance and modify the prefixed dead time to an adaptive value. Within half cycle time period after fault clearance reclosing command can be issued for the breaker. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified in a modified IEEE 13 bus distribution network model considering a battery energy storage system and hybrid distributed generators. The simulation and modelling of the various fault cases in the microgrid structure are done using EMTDC/PSCAD software.

Since March 2020, all academic institutions have been closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and have been encouraged online mode of education to the students in West Bengal, India. The most profound negative effect of the school closure has been noticed on primary education. This research examines how school closures in both government and private primary schools in West Bengal result in uneven teaching-learning opportunities in formal and non-formal education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study was conducted based on an online survey in West Bengal using a structured questionnaire. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Shapiro-Wilk Test, Pearson Chi-squared (χ2) test, and logistic regression were used to check the relationships among the variables. Based on 473 responses to an online survey administered to the parents and educated family members of 3–10 years aged children from both government and private primary schools in West Bengal. The authors' analysis shows the teaching-learning opportunities varied significantly. Further, the study revealed a noticeable gap between government and private primary schools. The study depicts that students from urban areas have more accessibility to online education than those living in rural areas. The study revealed that 98.7% of private schools and 33.7% of students from government primary schools could access online education. Statistically significant differences were observed between both categories of schools in academic affairs during the pandemic.

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