Introduction and objective. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Europe and worldwide. One of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis are lipid metabolism disorders, in particular hipercholesterolaemia. The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between gut microbiota composition and atherosclerosis risk factors, so in order that it might be used as a biomarker for coronary artery disease diagnosis. Material and method. The study involved middle-aged men in eastern Poland with central obesity (n=20), subjects with atherosclerosis (n=15) and those with no cardiovascular diseases (n=5). The gut microbiota composition was determined using tag-encoded 16S rRNA gene using Illuminal MiSeq. Data were analyzed with the use of t-test. Results. Firmicutes (49.26%) and Bacteroidetes (44.46%) were the dominant Phyla in the middle-aged men in eastern Poland. Subjects with improper levels of total cholesterol were enriched in Prevotella (p=0.03) and decreased level of Clostridium (p=0.02). They also showed a falling tendency in Faecalibacterium (p=0.07). An upward trend was observed in Prevotella (p=0.07) in subjects with improper LDL-C values. Conclusions. The study showed that intestinal microbiome is likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through its role in lipid metabolism. Bacterial genera of particular importance were Prevotella, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Faecalibacterium. However, further studies involving larger groups of subjects are required to confirm these observations.

Summary:The development of civilization, economic growth, urbanization, industrialization and progress in medicine bring to the society an improvement in the quality of life, but at the same time caused changes in lifestyle, environmental conditions, and changes in the natural environment. All of these led to develop civilization diseases which have critical impact and the adverse effect on our health, about what we not always realize. In the past ifty years, about 30 new pathogens appeared causing diseases such as legionellosis, Lyme disease, and increase unexpectedly tuberculosis incidence which in some regions is associated with HIV infections. Also widespread use of antibiotics caused and still causing bacterial resistance increase to most of them. With the development of medicine and surgery, parallel effects of surgical areas and infections associated with implanted cardiac devices in the majority of the life-saving ones appeared. The development of research techniques allowed for the inding of new relationships between ecosystems in the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract with of obesity in the society. The presence of new health aspects of civilization diseases impose pressure to create new prevention methods and public education.Keywords: Lyme disease, legionellosis, tuberculosis, microbiome, antibiotic resistance Civilization human health was changing over the centuries as a response to the processes of urbanization, industrialization and environmental change. It was related with development and size of infections epidemics, and mortality. During that time we observed progress in medical knowledge, prevention methods, and generally accepted public health status. Traces of the effects of infection are visible in prehistoric anthropological research, and they concern tuberculosis changes in bones, smallpox. The irst mention of the epidemic was recorded in the ifth century BC, and its direct cause was crowding inhabitants and troops within the area of Athens. Mortality rate was high, and the main reason for that was the lack of awareness of proper hygiene. In the Middle were great epidemics of smallpox, plague, cholera, in luenza which destroyed entire cities and the states. They were largely caused by overcrowding of cities and increased migration of the population. In the subsequent centuries the scale of infectious diseases was modi ied by the process of urbanization development of industry (late nineteenth and twentieth century). Progress of microbiological knowledge fallowed by discoveries of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and Ilya Mechnikov. The irst preventive vaccinations against smallpox were introduced thanks to the observations of Edward Jenner in the eighteenth century.Modern civilization is still not free from infectious diseases in spite of signi icant progress in medicine economic, and social achievements. We observe important changes in the pro ile of infections, prevention methods, species of pathogenic microorganisms and their sensitivity to antibiotics. At the end of the twentieth cent...

Introduction and Objective. Overweight and obesity are among the main health problems in highly developed countries, including Poland. An effective fight against complications of these phenomena may be the basis for prevention and improvement of therapy of many diseases. This preliminary study is an attempt to determine the composition of the intestinal microflora in the local population of obese middle-aged men particularly exposed to the adverse consequences of overweight and obesity. Materials and Method. Stool samples of 20 men with abdominal obesity were the material for examination. The composition of microbiome was determined using the next generation sequencing method targeting the V3-V4 hipervariable region of 16S rRNA. The Greengenes gene collection was used as a reference database. Results. This was the first attempt to determine the gut microbiome composition in a local population. The predominant components of microbiota were bacteria classified as Firmicutes (47.45%) and Bacteroidetes (46.05%). The most abundant Class were Clostridia (47.06%) and Bacteroidia (46.05%), and most abundant Order were Clostridiales (46.50%) and Bacteroidales (45.93%). The greatest diversity concerned the Genus category in which the most abundant groups of microorganisms were bacteria belonging to Bacteroides (26.57%) and Prevotella (13.26%). Conclusions. Molecular sequencing methods allow determination of the composition of microbiome, including microorganisms that can't be identified using classical diagnostic methods. The obtained results may form the basis for further research, including larger groups of participants, aimed at determining the role of microbiota in the development of abdominal obesity and its complications. The results can also be used for comparative studies with those from other regions, and be a part of global efforts to determine human 'core microbiome'.

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