Of the nearly 300 species of the phylum Glomeromycota comprising arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), only 24 were originally described to form glomoid spores in unorganized sporocarps with a peridium and a gleba, in which the spores are distributed randomly. However, the natural (molecular) phylogeny of most of these species remains unknown. We found unorganized sporocarps of two fungi-producing glomoid spores: one in the Amazonian forest in Brazil (tropical forest) and the second in a forest of Poland (temperate forest). The unique spore morphology of the two fungi suggested that they are undescribed species. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the small subunit-internal transcribed spacer-large subunit nrDNA region and the RPB1 gene confirmed this assumption and placed the Brazilian fungus in a separate clade at the rank of genus, very strongly divergent from its sister clade representing the genus Glomus sensu stricto in the family Glomeraceae (order Glomerales). The Polish fungus was accommodated in a sister clade to a clade grouping sequences of Diversispora epigaea, a fungus that also occasionally produces spores in sporocarps, belonging in the Diversisporaceae (Diversisporales). Consequently, the Brazilian fungus was here described as the new genus and new species Sclerocarpum gen. nov. and S. amazonicum sp. nov., respectively. The Polish fungus was described as D. sporocarpia sp. nov. In addition, the supposed reasons for the low representation of sporocarpic species in the Glomeromycota were discussed and the known distribution of sporocarp-producing Glomeromycota was outlined.

A comprehensive morphological and genetic study of type material and new collections of sequestrate Russulales species formerly belonging to the genera Arcangeliella, Elasmomyces, Gymnomyces, Hydnangium, Hymenogaster, Macowanites, Martellia, Secotium and Zelleromyces is here undertaken, for the purpose of providing a complete taxonomical revision of sequestrate Russulaceae species in the Mediterranean and temperate regions of Europe. As a result, seven distinct taxa in the genus Lactarius and 18 in the genus Russula are identified. Six of them are new species: L. populicola, L. subgiennensis, R. bavarica, R. candidissima, R. hobartiae and R. mediterraneensis, and seven represent new combinations: L. josserandii (≡ Zelleromyces josserandii), L. soehneri (≡ Hydnangium soehneri), R. candida (≡ Hydnangium candidum), R. cerea (≡ Hydnangium cereum), R. messapica var. messapicoides (≡ Macowanites messapicoides), R. meridionalis (≡ Zelleromyces meridionalis) and R. neuhoffii (≡ Hydnangium neuhoffii). Twenty-two of the 25 taxa are illustrated, while descriptions, microscopy images, as well as extensive information on the ecology, chorology and phylogeny for all taxa are provided. A key is further included to facilitate their identification.

The paper presents 47 fungi species belonging to the genera <em>Cystolepiota, Echinoderma, Lepiota, Leucoagaricus, Leucocoprinus, Macrolepiota</em> and <em>Melanophyllum</em>, found in Poland, which have been not reported earlier from this area (18 species: <em>Cystolepiota fumosifolia, C. moelleri, C. petasiformis, Echinoderma carinii, E. pseudoasperula, Lepiota angustispora, L. apatelia, L. cingulum, L. cortinarius var. audreae, L. cristata var. felinoides, L. forquignonii, L. rubella, Leucoagaricus cinerascenss, L. ionidicolor, L. sericifer var. sericellatus, Macrolepiota heimii, M. rhodosperma var. rhodosperma, M. venenata</em>) or have been known only from a few localities. For the species new to Poland short descriptions, based on the specimens examined and literature data, are given and their micromorphological characters are illustrated.

The Bieszczady Mts, a mountain range in SE Poland, is a hot spot of fungal richness and diversity in Poland. This paper summarizes 5 years of studies in the Bieszczady Mts, as well as previously published research. A total of 1,377 macromycetes taxa were found, including many (464) which were protected, red-listed, or very rare in Poland. Thirty-eight taxa (nine Ascomycota and 29 Basidiomycota) have been reported in Poland for the first time: <em>Agrocybe gibberosa</em>, <em>Auriporia aurulenta</em>, <em>Bolbitius variicolor</em>, <em>Bulgariella pulla</em>, <em>Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma</em>, <em>Clitocybe subspadicea</em>, <em>Clitopilus passeckerianus</em>, <em>Cortinarius anomalus</em> var. <em>subcaligatus</em>, <em>C. fervidus</em>, <em>C. flexipes</em> var. <em>inolens</em>, <em>C. sylvae-norvegicae</em>, <em>Cudoniella tenuispora</em>, <em>Entoloma bisporigerum</em>, <em>E. olorinum</em>, <em>E. poliopus</em> var. <em>parvisporigerum</em>, <em>E. sericeoides</em>, <em>Galerina caulocystidiata</em>, <em>Gymnopilus josserandii</em>, <em>Hymenoscyphus subferrugineus</em>, <em>Hypholoma olivaceotinctum</em>, <em>Inocybe queletii</em>, <em>Laccaria altaica</em>, <em>Lactarius romagnesii</em>, <em>L. rostratus</em>, <em>Mycena epipterygia</em> var. <em>atroviscosa</em>, <em>M. epipterygia</em> var. <em>candida</em>, <em>M. polygramma</em> f. <em>candida</em>, <em>Octavianina lutea</em>, <em>O. mutabilis</em>, <em>Pachyella violaceonigra</em>, <em>Panaeolus papilionaceus</em> var. <em>capitatocystis</em>, <em>Phaeocollybia jennyae</em>, <em>Psathyrella almerensis</em>, <em>Pyrenopeziza inornata</em>, <em>Scutellinia torrentis</em>, <em>Tricholoma basirubens</em>, <em>Tricholomopsis flammula</em>, and <em>Vibrissea decolorans</em>. For all new taxa, short descriptions based on the collected material have been provided.

Collections of a pleurotoid fungus from dead aspen in eastern Russia were initially identified as Lentinus sp., then as Phyllotopsis nidulans. DNA sequencing of cultures derived from these specimens using the nuclear ribosomal 28S (nrLSU) and nuclear ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions (nrITS) showed that they were neither Lentinus nor Phyllotopsis and were not related to other pleurotoid genera Hohenbuehelia and Pleurotus. Subsequent investigation showed that the Russian fungus was the same as Pleurotus vetlinianus described from Poland. A new genus, Lignomyces, is described and characterized and L. vetlinianus comb. nov. is proposed.