Objective: The objective of this paper is to verify the hypothesis that there is a statistically significant correlation between the risk level determined on the basis of structural models and the value of the of debt capacity base, and that the value of a company’s debt capacity is determined primarily by the type and properties of its financing.Research Design & Methods: The methodology was based on the analysis of the determination of the linear regression function using the least squares method and study of the correlation between the values of the debt capacity base and the net value of enterprises (determined on the basis of the approach used in structural risk models) based on accounting data of 511 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2018–2019. This includes an analysis of the level of debt capacity in the context of selected forms of financing.Findings: There is a strong and statistically significant correlation between the debt capacity base determined on the basis of book values and the determined net value of enterprises, representing the level of structural risk (constituting the difference between the value of assets and liabilities). A USD 1 bn change in the average debt capacity base leads to a USD 0.49 bn change in the average net worth of enterprises.Implications / Recommendations: The designated regression function enables forecasting, within the scope of banking practice, the value of the structural risk and the debt capacity base in terms of granting short- and long-term liabilities.Contribution: The study confirms the thesis that there is a statistically significant correlation between structural risk and the debt capacity base. It presents an approach that enables the determination of the debt capacity base, the value of structural risk, and the value of debt capacity for selected forms of financing.

The aim of the article is to determine the degree, direction and strength of impact of the studied variables, i.e. the state budget balance and the current account balance as part of Poland's balance of payments in the years 2009-2018 against the background of selected European Union (EU) countries. The main research questions focus on determining the type of relationships connecting the studied deficits in the light of previous studies dedicated to the twin deficits hypothesis. The methodology used is based on integrated correlation analysis, linear regression and an analysis of the coefficient of variation. As a result of the study, a strong correlation was found between the cumulative values of the studied deficits, which confirms the existence of the twin deficits hypothesis in Poland in the examined period and means that the budget deficit affects the current account balance. A change in the cumulative balance of the budget by 1% leads to a change in the cumulative balance of the current account of the balance of payments by 0.89%. It can be presumed that the problem of budget deficits and the related debt crisis as well as balance of payments balances under the dichotomy of "surplus north" and "deficit south" in the next decade will be one of the most conflicting and disintegrative for the EU. Thus, the search for a path to budget (internal) balance and balance of payments (external) is one of the key challenges for maintaining cohesion and maintaining sustainable development both in Poland and the entire EU.

Objective: To determine the level of selected indicators of changes in digital activity of clients relative to financial indicators achieved by the banking sector.Research Design & Methods: The article presents an integrated analysis of selected financial indicators of the Polish banking sector for 2014–2018 in comparison with selected indicators characterising the behaviour of bank customers in the digital environment. Based on the cumulative average annual growth rate (CAGR) of the phenomena under study, a high level of correlation was established and an analysis based on a linear regression model was performed. The analysis was enriched by determining the status of business financing strategies that have been implemented. This was done by using the internal rate of return model and the sustainable growth rate model.Findings: There is a strong positive correlation between selected cumulative indicators of average annual growth (CAGR) of the digital and financial spheres with the leading role of indicators of the digital sphere. During the period studied, the Polish banking sector implemented a moderately conservative financing strategy. There was a lower increase in revenues than assets, while ROE and ROA both fell.Implications / Recommendations: Further digitization of the Polish banking sector will require investment. Behaviour in the digital sphere has changed to a disproportionately greater extent than the actual financial results achieved. Moderate financing strategies are inadequate in relation to changes in selected customer behaviours in the digital sphere. The process of banks adapting to their clients’ digital attitudes and taste will require significant outlays. At the same time, margins are compressing, while revenues are growing more slowly than assets.Contribution: This integrated analysis of behavioural factors and financial results by sector (banking sector) enables linear regression-based forecasting of future selected indicators in the digital and financial spheres. It also enables the scope of the demand for external sources of financing to be forecast for these sectors.