Introduction: The perception of one's own body, its mental representation, and emotional attitude to it are the components of socalled "body image" [1]. The aim of the research was to analyse phantom pain and non-painful phantom sensations as results of limb loss and to explain them in terms of body image distortion.Material and method: Three methods were used in the study of 22 amputees (7 women and 15 men, between 43 and 76 years old, M = 61, SD = 11.3): (1) Results: The prevalence of phantom limb pain was 59%. Some various non-painful phantom sensations after amputation were experienced by 77% of respondents. There was a statistically significant relationship between phantom pain and non-painful phantom sensations in a group of participants experiencing phantom limb phenomenon at the moment of the research.Conclusions: Deformation of body image in the form of phantom pain and non-painful phantom sensations is a frequent experience after limb loss. We suggest that phantom limb is a form of out-of-date or inadequate body image as an effect of the brain activity trying to keep a kind of status quo. A co-occurrence of non-painful phantom sensations and phantom pain suggests that these both forms of post-amputation sensations may share neural mechanisms. Results indicate, that there exists somatosensory memory which may be manifested in similarities between pre-and post-amputation sensations.

One of important aspects of strategic management is the instrumental aspect included in a rich set of methods and techniques used at particular stages of strategic management process. The object of interest in this study is the development of views and the implementation of strategy as an element of strategic management and instruments in the form of methods and techniques. The commonly used method in strategy implementation and measuring progress is Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The method was created as a result of implementing the project “Measuring performance in the Organization of the future” of 1990, completed by a team under the supervision of David Norton (Kaplan, Norton 2002). The developed method was used first of all to evaluate performance by decomposition of a strategy into four perspectives and identification of measures of achievement. In the middle of 1990s the method was improved by enriching it, first of all, with a strategy map, in which the process of transition of intangible assets into tangible financial effects is reflected (Kaplan, Norton 2001). Strategy map enables illustration of cause and effect relationship between processes in all four perspectives and performance indicators at the level of organization. The purpose of the study being prepared is to present methodical conditions of using strategy maps in the strategy implementation process in organizations of different nature.

The aim of this study is to present how to modify classic scenario methods in order to adjust them to extremely unpredictable, chaotic conditions. It is an attempt to prove how it is possible to gradually adapt to changes of environment and indicate methods through which such adaptation can be more efficient. Due to the dynamic and complex character of interactions that take place in such unstable conditions, application of tools offered by scenario methods modified with some elements originating from studies on chaos has been proved to be effective.

Celem artykułu jest krytyczna analiza wybranych badań empirycznych z zakresu neuroestetyki. Neuroestetyka to nowa interdyscyplinarna dziedzina naukowa zmierzająca do opisu funkcjonowania mózgowia w kontekście reakcji na dzieło sztuki. W artykule przedstawiam i analizuję wyniki badań na temat mózgowych korelatów preferencji estetycznej i percepcji piękna. Pomimo wątpliwości natury interpretacyjnej, wyniki te potwierdzają hipotezę o specyfice reakcji estetycznej w stosunku do innych typów reakcji kognitywnych człowieka.