On this study has been conducted product standardization of ginger and red ginger simplicias as one of post-harvest processed form. To get ginger and red ginger simplicia product with high quality, has been done the optimization on the stage of washing, slicing, and drying process. Optimization has done in a range of 1-3 minutes washing time and raw material sliced thickness of 0.15 cm and 0.30 cm. In addition, the production of the entire simplicia has done with three drying methods, including sundried, sunlight through the intermediary of black fabric and dried by the oven. Specifically for the dried by the oven, has conducted optimization on the drying temperatures of 70° C; 85° C; 100˚C; and 115˚C. The analysis results of active compound content in the simplicia product indicates that the product of ginger and red ginger simplicia with optimum quality has obtained from the production process by washing time for 1 minute, slicing thickness of 0.15 cm, and oven drying method using temperature of 115° C. The ginger and red ginger simplicia product with optimum active compound content obtained by drying time, each for 310 minutes and 280 minutes. The ginger simplicia products contain essential oils, oleoresins, zingiberene in essential oils, gingerol and shogaol in the oleoresins, each by 1.7%; 0.86%; 56.90%; 42.50%; and 21.54%. Meanwhile, the red ginger simplicia products contain essential oils, oleoresins, zingiberene in essential oils, gingerol and shogaol in the oleoresins, each by 2.11%; 0.88%; 78.60%; 80.06%; and 8.02%. Thus, it can be said that, overall, red ginger simplicia product contains an active compound higher than the ginger simplicia product.

The potential of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) as an alternative to depleting fossil fuels has been investigated. To optimize performance and efficiency, the effectiveness of PVDF and PVDF nanofiber (NF) membrane-based electrolytes in suppressing solvent leakage and evaporation in liquid electrolyte systems was evaluated. SEM results for PVDF NF membranes showed the formation of a network with a three-dimensional structure with a diameter of 100–300 nm and an average thickness of 0.14 mm. The Infrared (IR) spectrum shows the electrolyte and polymer-PVDF interactions. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) curve shows the melting transition of PVDF NF 7.66% lower than PVDF. Efficiency and resistance of DSSC based on natural dyes as measured by multimeter and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) at a solar intensity of 100 mW/cm2 showed the highest efficiency of anthocyanin-based DSSC from telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) flower extract. Its use as a photosensitizer in an electrolyte system based on PVDF NF membranes resulted in an efficiency that was not significantly different from that of liquid electrolytes (1.69%).

The asymmetric polysulfone/polyvinylidene fluoride composite membranes with vary polyvinylidene fluoride levels in coating dope were prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation. N-methyl pyrrolidinone and distilled-water were used as a combination of solvent and non-solvent, while ammonium chloride was applied as a porogenic additive in the system. Physical characteristics of the prepared membranes were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The membranes performance was analyzed in term of pure water flux, porosity, mechanical properties respectively. Results showed a good interaction between polyvinylidene fluoride material and polysulfone matrix. The polyvinylidene fluoride coating on the polysulfone matrix has increased the small pore quantity in the skin layer and strengthened the mechanical strength of the membrane. In addition, increased porosity with increasing doses of polyvinylidene fluoride in the dope solution does not necessarily increase the pure water flux of the membranes.

Asymmetric polysulfone (PSf)

The increased characteristics and performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane were investigated using polyetherimide (PEI) as a high-performance co-polymer for increased porosity, mechanical strength, PWF and thermal also chemical stability. The blend solution was prepared using a composition 2%PVDF/12%PEI/84%NMP/2%PEG-6000 (wt.%) with varying stirring time (7h, 12h, 16h, and 20h). The formation of a solid PVDF/PEI membrane was obtained using a non-solvent induced phase inversion (NIPS) method. Analysis of physical (surface and cross-section morphology, porosity, pore size) and mechanical (Young's modulus) characteristics, performance (PWF), thermal and chemical stability of the blended membranes were performed to evaluate the significance of stirring time effect. The resulting infrared spectra have confirmed the formation of PVDF/PEI blended membrane. All PVDF/PEI blended membranes were found to have symmetric structures with porosity 6.17% -30.64% and pore size 0.204 nm -0.366 nm. The increase in mechanical strength can be seen from changes in Young's modulus values as the stirring time increases up to 12 hours. However, the stirring time for 16 and 20 hours resulted in a cast solution with too high viscosity resulting in a defect in the casting film using the automatic-casting knife. Increasing the homogeneity of PVDF/PEI cast solution as increasing stirring time has led to PEI characteristic properties that are capable of producing high PWF. This PVDF/PEI mixing method is a potential solution to obtain higher PVDF thermal stability and PEI chemical resistance.