Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. is a fungus that causes anthracnose disease in tropical fruit plants, resulting in damages of the fruit plants and low yield and quality of fruits. The use of chemical fungicides is common for management of this disease, but it also results in the development of fungal resistance to the chemicals. Therefore, this study aims toin vitroevaluate the efficacy of 14 crude leaf extracts againstC. gloeosporioides. The results showed thatPiper sarmentosumleaf extracts, using 80% of ethanol, methanol, and chloroform as solvents, were found to have very high antifungal activities. Crude methanol extract ofP. sarmentosumleaves could effectively inhibit the growth of fungal mycelium (100%), followed by crude chloroform extract (81.85%) and 80% ethanol extract (45.50%). Maximum inhibition ofC. gloeosporioidesspore germination could be obtained after application with crude methanol extract ofP. sarmentosumleaves and crude chloroform extract ofMentha cordifolialeaves at 1.25 and 2.5%, respectively. In conclusion, crude extracts ofP. sarmentosumleaves were found to be highly effective for inhibiting bothC. gloeosporioidesmycelium growth and spore germination, and they have a potential as the new natural fungicides for management of anthracnose disease.

Background: Bioformulations are the preparations that contain beneficial microorganisms as active ingredients and they may represent a novel alternative to be used in crop protection because of their safety to humans and nontarget organisms. Xenorhabdus sp. is an entomopathogenic bacterium that symbiotically associates with nematodes of the family Steinernematidae and has potential to be used in bioformulations due to its pesticide activities. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of bioformulations containing Xenorhabdus stockiae PB09 for controlling mushroom mites. Results:The results showed that different Xenorhabdus bioformulations, including wettable powder (WP), liquid cell pellet (LC), and liquid supernatant (LS) were shown to cause very high miticidal activities at 90.25, 86.50, and 92.78 %, respectively. When X. stockiae PB09 bioformulations were stored at room temperature (28 ± 2 °C) and 4 °C for up to 60 days, their viable cells and efficacy were found to decrease. However, storing at 4 °C could relatively maintain both viable cells and efficacy of the bioformulations, especially after 45 days of storage, whereby all the formulations that were kept at 4 °C had 5-10 % and 2-15 times higher miticidal activities and viable cells than that kept at room temperature, respectively. Storing at 4 °C was more appropriate than room temperature for maintaining both viable cells and miticidal activities of all X. stockiae PB09 bioformulations. Conclusions:In conclusion, this study showed that WP and LC formulations were found to be effective and have potentials to be further developed as commercial products for controlling mushroom mites.

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