Flooding occurrence is one of the most common phenomena that impact urban areas, and this intensifies during heavy rainfall periods. Knowing the areas with the greatest vulnerability is of paramount importance as it allows mitigating actions to be implemented in order to minimize the generated impacts. In this context, this study aimed to use Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to identify the areas with greater flooding vulnerability in Espírito Santo state, Brazil. The study was based on the following methodological steps: (1) a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) acquisition and watersheds delimitation; (2) maximum and accumulated rainfall intensity calculations for the three studied periods using meteorological data; (3) a land use and occupation map reclassification regarding flood vulnerability and fuzzy logic application; (4) an application of Euclidean distance and fuzzy logic in hydrography and water mass vector variables; (5) a flood vulnerability model generation. Based on the found results, it was observed that the metropolitan and coastal regions presented as greater flood vulnerability areas during the dry season, as in these regions, almost all of the 9.18% of the state’s area was classified as highly vulnerable, while during rainy season, the most vulnerable areas were concentrated in Caparaó and in the coastal and immigration and metropolitan regions, as in these regions, almost all of the 12.72% of the state’s area was classified as highly vulnerable. In general, by annually distributing the rainfall rates, a greater flood vulnerability was observed in the metropolitan and coastal and immigration regions, as in these areas, almost all of the 7.72% of the state’s area was classified as highly vulnerable. According to the study, Espírito Santo state was mostly classified as a low (29.15%) and medium (28.06%) flood vulnerability area considering the annual period, while its metropolitan region has a very high flood vulnerability risk. Finally, GIS modeling is important to assist in decision making regarding public management and the employed methodology presents worldwide application potential.
Com a irrigação os produtores podem explorar áreas antes não agricultáveis, e maximizar a sua produtividade. Com a hipótese de adaptação de cultivares de soja em condições sub-ótimas de água no solo, objetivou-se avaliar as diferentes variedades de soja (Glycine max (L.)) em solos arenosos em condição de sequeiro e irrigado. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos Casualizados em esquema de faixas constituídas pelas cultivares DM 80I79 IPRO, BONUS IPRO, Maracaí IPRO, DM 75I76, Foco IPRO e Aporé IPRO sob duas condições de água no solo (sequeiro e irrigado) com 4 repetições por tratamento, totalizando 48 parcelas avaliadas. Foram analisadas altura de plantas, altura de inserção vagem, número de plantas, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por planta e número de ramos e número de nós, massa de cem grãos e produtividade de grãos. Em solos arenosos, a variedade DM 80I79 IPRO quando submetida a irrigação apresenta incremento na produtividade. Quando as cultivares foram submetidas à irrigação, todas expressaram incremento na produtividade, fato este comprovado pela não diferenciação estatística entre cultivares, conseguindo equilibrar seu potencial produtivo, variando somente devido a características de resistência a déficit hídrico, causando variabilidade produtiva entre as mesmas.
Studies show that agricultural activities around the world still present a strong dependence on agrochemicals that can leach into the soil profile, causing its contamination, as well as that of water resources. In this context, the present study evaluates the potential risk of pesticide leaching in areas of edaphoclimatic suitability for coffee cultivation in Espírito Santo state, Brazil. As a methodology, the areas of edaphoclimatic suitability for conilon and arabica coffee were defined, and subsequently, the risk of leaching of active agrochemical ingredients in these areas was evaluated using the Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS), Leaching Index (LIX) and Attenuation Factor/Retardation Factor (AF/RF) methods. Of the ten active ingredients evaluated, sulfentrazone and thiamethoxam present a potential risk of leaching into the groundwater level. The study allowed us to evaluate the potential risk of agrochemical leaching in tropical soils cultivated with coffee using geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The methodological proposal can be adapted for other agricultural areas and crops.
Eucalyptus is one of the most exploited forest genera on the planet. Eucalyptus has a variety of uses, mainly because of its great diversity and versatility. Brazil is among the main producers of cellulose, paper, and wood panels in the world. One of the factors limiting the production of Eucalyptus spp. is the occurrence of diseases such as rust caused by the fungus Austropuccinia psidii. This work aimed to map areas at risk of eucalyptus rust in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The study was carried out in two stages: (i) mapping the rust risk areas in the state through the Geographic Information System (GIS) and (ii) applying fuzzy standardization to the infection index to generate a risk index. It was found through GIS and fuzzy standardization that most of the areas surveyed presented medium to high risk of rust occurrence. Thus, it becomes necessary to adopt complementary management measures to control the disease, especially for the months of April to November. The methodology used in this study can be implemented for other diseases and forest species in other parts of the world.
As paisagens brasileiras, em sua maioria, possuem remanescentes de vegetação que se encontram isolados e inseridos em uma paisagem diferente da original. Estás áreas isoladas denominam-se de fragmentos florestais, apresentando uma área de vegetação natural contínua, separa ou desligada por barreiras que podem ser de origem natural (outras formações vegetais, montanhas, lagos, dentre outras) ou antrópicas (culturas agrícolas, estradas, cidades, pastagem, dentre outras) (VIANA, 1990).A fragmentação resulta na diminuição espacial, qualidade do habitat e no isolamento de populações de plantas e animais, aumentando riscos de endogamia, deriva genética e, risco de extinção (DIXO et al., 2009).Um dos métodos para mitigação da degradação das Florestas e preservar os fragmentos remanescentes é a implantação de Corredores Ecológicos (CE) (SANTOS et al., 2018; SANTOS et al., 2020).Uma das técnicas atualmente disponíveis é a Análise de Caminho de Menor Custo (Least-Cost Path analisys – LCP), que é implementada na maioria dos softwares de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG) (DRIEZEN et al., 2007).A análise de LCP permite que os tomadores de decisão encontrem a maneira ideal de conectar dois locais dentro de uma superfície de custo, que pode ser atribuída combinando-se diferentes critérios, como impacto ambiental, investimento econômico, dentro outros (EFFAT e HASSAN, 2013).O objetivo principal do curso é propor rotas para implantação e delimitação de Corredores Ecológicos para interligação dos Parques Estaduais de Forno Grande e Pedra Azul, ES, utilizando Geotecnologias. São apresentados dentro do QGIS os parques estaduais de Forno Grande e Pedra Azul e suas respectivas zonas de amortecimento, juntamente com a base de dados que será realizado a aquisição da base de dados no portal do mundodageomatica.com, e a simbologia de todas as camadas que será utilizado com o objetivo da delimitação de corredores ecológicos dentro do QGIS.
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