We have proposed and validated an ansatz as effective potential for confining electron/hole within spherical quantum dot in order to understand quantum confinement and its consequences associated with energy states and band gap of Spherical Quantum Dot. Within effective mass approximation formalism, considering an ansatz incorporating a conjoined harmonic oscillator and coulomb interaction as the effective potential for confining an electron or a hole within a spherical quantum dot and by employing appropriate boundary conditions we have calculated the shifts in energy of minimum of conduction band(CBM) and maximum of valence band(VBM) with respect to size of spherical quantum dot. We have also determined the quantum confinement induced shift in band gap energy of spherical quantum dot. In order to verify our theoretical predictions as well as to validate our ansatz, we have performed phenomenological analysis in comparison with available experimental results for quantum dots made of CdSe and observe a very good agreement in this regard. Our experimentally consistent theoretical results also help in mapping the probability density of electron and hole inside spherical quantum dot. The consistency of our results with available experimental data signifies the capability as well as applicability of the ansatz for the effective confining potential to have reasonable information in the study of real nano-structured spherical systems.

The study purpose was to follow a prospective cohort study design to use gait kinematic parameters to identify the risk factors and to develop a statistical model to predict running-related lower limb injuries of sportspersons.  Materials and methods. BTS G-WALK® gait analysis system was used to collect gait kinematic data of 87 subjects from an institute of physical education and sports science.  The subjects were followed for a full academic season after which the researcher inquired about their injury occurrences. Binary logistic regression was used to develop a prediction model to predict lower limb injuries of sportspersons. Results. The result of the study revealed that increasing Range of Obliquity, Range of Tilt and Range of Rotation were associated with increased likelihood of future running-related lower limb injury. However, the lower Symmetry Index was associated with increase in the likelihood of future running-related lower limb injury. Conclusions. The study confirmed that it is possible to predict injury, but for practical implication further research is essential with a bigger sample size.

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Objective: Recently, Indian has adopted many policies to promote health, wellness and sports culture in the country. Though these policies have been implemented nationally, limited research is available about the health-related fitness status of children in the Indian Himalayan region. Therefore, the present study was conducted to survey the health-related fitness status of school-going girls in the Indian Himalayan region. Materials and methods: A total of 563 school-going girls had participated in the study, 166 were from the age group of 10-12 years, 164 from the age group of 13-15 years and 233 from the age group of 16-18 years. Administration manual of Khelo India Fitness Assessment in Schools-version 2.0 was followed for data collection for five health-related physical fitness components. Simple descriptive statistics and One-Way ANOVA test were employed as statistical tools for the study. Results: The study showed a moderate level of health-related fitness among school-going girls in the Indian Himalayan region. The height and weight of the participants were found at lower 50 percentiles as per the growth chart of IAP. One-Way ANOVA test and pairwise comparison revealed the presence of variance in the fitness components between different age groups. Conclusion: It was suggested to involve parents and elders to change the sedentary habits of the children. Proper execution of sports infrastructure development programmes can further help in promoting health, wellness and sports culture in the region.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of two sessions per week plyometric training on different surfaces on the counter movement jump height, take-off force, and maximum concentric power of collegiate athletes. Material and methods: Male collegiate athletes (n=24, age=18.46±1.14 years, weight=64.88±5.61 kg and height=1.72±0.07 metres)) from a physical training centre were randomly and equally assigned to three groups, each trained on different surfaces (synthetic, cinder and sand). The training intervention was implemented twice a week and lasted for 8 weeks. The athletes were tested before and after the intervention to assess changes in the performance of counter movement jump height (CMJHT), take-off force (CMJTOF) and maximum concentric power (CMJMCP). Results: Results showed that overall measurement of CMJHT, CMJTOF and CMJMCP improved significantly (p≤0.05, Δ %=10.50; p≤0.05, Δ%=11.11; p≤0.05, Δ%=11.41). However, training surfaces have no significant effect on the improvement of the selected variables (CMJHT:F(2,21)=2.37, p=0.118, ηp2=0.184; CMJTOF:F(2,21)=1.28, p=0.299, ηp2=0.109; CMJMCP:F(2,21)=0.061, p=0.941, ηp2=0.006). Further, for the synthetic track surface group CMJHT, CMJTOF and CMJMCP improved significantly (p≤0.05, Δ%=16.36; p≤0.05, Δ%=17.50; p≤0.05, Δ%=17.99); for the cinder track surface group CMJHT and CMJMCP improved significantly (p≤0.05, Δ%=9.15; p≤0.05, Δ%=10.33) and for the sand surface group only CMJHT improved significantly (p≤0.05, Δ%=5.68). Conclusions: The findings suggest that plyometric training on different surfaces can effectively improve athletic performance, but the specific surface type does not appear to impact the outcomes significantly. The study further suggested analysing the injury risk associated with plyometric training on various training surfaces and discovering the optimal training surface for minimising injury risk while maximising performance gains.