Periodontitis, a major oral disease, affects a vast majority of the population but has been often ignored without realizing its long-fetched effects on overall human health. A realization in recent years of its association with severe diseases such as carditis, low birth weight babies, and preeclampsia has instigated dedicated research in this area. In the arena of periodontal medicines, the studies of past decades suggest a link between human periodontal afflictions and certain systemic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, respiratory disorders, preterm birth, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Although, the disease appears as a locoregional infection, the periodontal pathogens, in addition their metabolic products and systemic mediators, receive access to the bloodstream, thereby contributing to the development of systemic disorders. Mechanism-based insights into the disease pathogenesis and association are highly relevant and shall be useful in avoiding any systemic complications. This review presents an update of the mechanisms and relationships between chronic periodontal infection and systemic disorders. Attention is also given to highlighting the incidence in support of this relationship. In addition, an attempt is made to propose the various periodonto-therapeutic tools to apprise the readers about the availability of appropriate treatment for the disease at the earliest stage without allowing it to progress and cause systemic adverse effects.

: Eugenol is a bioactive compound widely available in many herbs like clove, cinnamon, tulsi, pepper etc. The compound is known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anaesthetic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer activities. In pharmaceutical analysis, eugenol is used as a marker for single drugs and drug products. Dental care, household, and personal hygiene products are other areas where it has established its potential. In the food industry, eugenol is used as a flavouring agent in non-alcoholic beverages, baked foods, and chewing gums. Considering the huge potential of eugenol, this review is an attempt to collate the regulatory information, physico-chemical properties, toxicity profile, marketed conventional and novel formulations, analytical methods, extraction procedures, recent patents and clinical trials of the moiety. Based on the literature survey, a schematic diagram of the mechanism of action has also been made.

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Background: The present work was aimed to develop an ethosomal gel of naproxen sodium for the amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: In the present work we have explored the potential of ethosomes to deliver naproxen into deeper skin strata. Further the anti-inflammatory efficacy of naproxen ethosomal formulation was assessed using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Methods: Naproxen sodium nanoethosomes were prepared using different proportions of lipoid S100 (50mg-200mg), ethanol (20- 50%) and water, and were further characterized on the basis of vesicle morphology, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo permeation studies. Results: The optimized ethosomal formulation was having 129±0.01 nm particle size, 0.295 polydispersity index (PDI), -3.29 mV zeta potential, 88% entrapment efficiency and 96.573% drug release in 24 hours. TEM and SEM analysis of the optimized formulation showed slightly smooth spherical structures. The Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that ethosomes could easily infiltrate into deeper dermal layers (upto 104.9µm) where as hydroalcoholic solution of drug could penetrate upto 74.9µm. Further the optimized ethosomal formulation was incorporated into 1% carbopol 934 gel base and optimized wherein the transdermal flux was found to be approximately 10 times more than hydroethanolic solution. Also the in–vivo pharmacodynamic study of the optimized ethosomal gel exhibited higher percentage inhibition of swelling paw edema than marketed diclofenac gel. Conclusion: The ethosomal gel was successfully developed and has shown the potential to be a good replacement option for the conventional therapies of rheumatoid arthritis.

Retro Banach frames for conjugate Banach spaces have been introduced and studied. It has been proved that a Banach space E is separable if and only if E * has a retro Banach frame. Finally, a necessary and sufficient condition for a sequence in a separable Banach space to be a retro Banach frame has been given.