While there are some common practice patterns for of CSC, there are still variations in regional and individual practice patterns indicating the need to establish more definitive practice guidelines. This survey data could be useful to plan a prospective study to address many unanswered questions.

Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role of subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) measurements as a predictor for the course of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Patients and methods Thirty-eight eyes of 33 patients with CSC were analyzed retrospectively. Key inclusion criteria were naive (acute or recurrent) CSC; a minimum of 12 months of follow up; and the availability of good quality enhanced depth imaging SD-OCT images at each visit. Eyes with changes suggestive of chronic CSC and history of any treatment were excluded. Collected data included demographic profile, visual acuity, subfoveal CT, central macular thickness (CMT), and treatment details. Univariate and multivariate analyses for association of baseline features with need for treatment were performed. On the basis of results of this analysis, the 38 eyes were divided into two groups: Group A (subfoveal CT ≤ 356 μm) and Group B (subfoveal CT4356 μm). Results On univariate analysis, the need for treatment had significantly positive correlation with duration of symptoms (P = 0.02), negative correlation with the baseline CT (Po0.01), and no significant correlation with CMT (P = 0.13). On multivariate regression analysis, only baseline CT had a statistically significant association with the need for treatment (odds ratio (OR), 0.989; CI, 0.979-0.999; P = 0.048). Group A eyes were more likely to require treatment (Group A: 54.55%, 12 of 22 eyes; Group B: 18.75%, 3 of 16 eyes; OR: 5.2, 95% CI, 1.15-23.54; P = 0.04). There was a significant decrease in subfoveal CT in Group B (−105.62 ± 108.91 μm; P = 0.002). Conclusion CSC with a subfoveal CT ≤ 356 μm is of chronic nature and is more likely to require treatment rather than observation.

Aim:The authors report experience with 14 cases where two screws or “double insurance” screws were used for transfacetal fixation of each joint for stabilization of the lumbar spinal segment. The anatomical subtleties of the technique of insertion of screws are elaborated.Materials and Methods:During the period March 2011 to June 2014, 14 patients having lumbar spinal segmental instability related to lumbar canal stenosis were treated by insertion of two screws into each articular assembly by transfacetal technique. After a wide surgical exposure, the articular cartilage was denuded and bone chips were impacted into the joint cavity. For screw insertion in an appropriate angulation, the spinous process was sectioned at its base. The screws (2.8 mm in diameter and 18 mm in length) were inserted into the substance of the medial or inferior articular facet of the rostral vertebra via the lateral limit of the lamina approximately 6–8 mm away from the edge of the articular cavity. The screws were inserted 3 mm below the superior edge and 5 mm above the inferior edge of the medial (inferior) facets and directed laterally and traversed through the articular cavity into the lateral (superior) articular facet of the caudal vertebra toward and into the region of junction of base of transverse process and of the pedicle. During the period of follow-up all treated spinal levels showed firm bone fusion. There was no complication related to insertion of the screws. There was no incidence of screw misplacement, displacementor implant rejection.Conclusions:Screw insertion into the firm and largely cortical bones of facets of lumbar spine can provide robust fixation and firm stabilization of the spinal segment. The large size of the facets provides an opportunity to insert two screws at each spinal segment. The firm and cortical bone material and absence on any neural or vascular structure in the course of the screw traverse provides strength and safety to the process.