The essential oil (EO) of the rhizome of Acorus calamus Linn. was isolated by using a Clevenger apparatus and extracts were prepared by cold percolation technique using the solvents hexane and methane. The chemical constituents of EO were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. A total number of nine chemical compounds were identified and quantified occupying 100% of the total oil composition. The major chemical constituent was reported to be β-asarone (84.87%). Acid value, saponification value, and iodine number of the oil were measured and found to be 0.24 mg KOH/g, 0.42 mg KOH/g, and 31.75 g I2/100gm, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the hexane and methanol extract was examined against two bacteria by the agar well diffusion method. The hexane extract showed antibacterial activity against E. coli with a zone of inhibition(ZOI)of 10 mm, and. subtilis with ZOI of 7 mm. The methanol extract showed antibacterial activity against B. subtilis only, with a ZOI of 4 mm. Hexane and methanol extract also showed significant antifungal activity against fungi C. albicans with a ZOI of 6 mm and 5 mm, respectively.DPPH assay showed that the percentage of free radical scavenging activity increased with an increase in the concentration of the extract. The total phenolic content of the methanol extract of A. calamus was found to be 48.36 mg/g GAE.
The present work reports the phytoconstituents present in the essential oil and four different solvent extracts of Cinnamomum tamala leaves. Their antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant potential were also evaluated. The extraction of essential oil was performed by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus and its chemical composition was identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The leaf extracts were obtained by the cold percolation method. Linalool and cinnamaldehyde (E) were major compounds in the oil. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of terpenoid, glycoside, tannin, reducing sugar, polyphenol, saponin, flavonoid, and alkaloid. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. The methanol extract (98.36 mg GAE/g) and ethyl acetate extract (90.44 mg GAE/g) showed higher TPC values. Similarly, the TFC value of ethyl acetate extract was higher (478.78 mg QE/ g) than the other extracts. The antioxidant activity of extracts was assessed by using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay in which the ethyl acetate extract showed high antioxidant efficacy. The essential oil and chloroform extract showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans, while only the oil showed activity against Shigella dysenteriae.
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