Material and methods: 96 patients who had phantom limb pain after below knee amputation were included in this study. They had to visit the hospital four times a week for a 15-minute treatment period. They performed movement of unaffected limb while watching its mirror reflection and thus creating a visual illusion of movement of affected limb. The degree of pain relief was measured on visual analog scale (VAS). Results: 70 patients out of 96 reported an improvement of 4 or more degrees of VAS score after 6 months of the treatment. The result was statistically significant. Conclusions: Mirror therapy improves pain sensation of the amputated part when other treatment modalities fail. This therapy works on the principle of mirror neuron system. A mirror neuron fires either when a person acts or when a person observes same action performed by another. The mirror image of the normal body part helps reorganize and integrate the mismatch between proprioception and visual feedback of the removed body.This reorganization decreases the sense or emotion of phantom limb pain in the amputated part.

Background: Loss of quality of life, increased medical costs, and time away from work are all linked to chronic low back pain (CLBP). CLBP is recognized as a complex problem due to its biopsychosocial character. To remedy the issue of this incapacitating condition, it is critical to pinpoint potential contributing elements. The intersegmental parts of the kinematic chain connecting the lumbopelvic and knee joints are the hip joints. This complex runs in unison during both practical and leisurely physical activity. Materials and Methods: This was a single-center, observational study conducted in young adult patients with nonspecific CLBP and healthy controls who were compared for their active range of motion in bilateral hip joints. Results: There was no significant difference in the mean ages and gender distribution in both groups. The flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation, and abduction range of motions at bilateral hips were significantly reduced in the case group as compared with the healthy control group. Conclusion: The lumbopelvic compensation in the patients with CLBP affects the range of motion at the hip joint due to kinematic of the lower body musculature. The restriction in movement increases with the activities involving excessive hip joint motions.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Lesions of the oral cavity are very common among the general population and account for a significant number of patients in the outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology. The lesions of oral cavity can cause varied symptoms like pain, dysphagia, and difficulty in speaking. The lesions can range from simple benign conditions to life threatening malignancies.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was conducted in the department of otorhinolaryngology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre from January 2019 till December 2019. All the 256 patients who presented to the outpatient department with lesions in the oral cavity during the given time period were included in the study after getting informed and written consent.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Aphthous ulcers were the most common lesion (18.7%) found in this study. Buccal mucosa (50%) and anterior 2/3^rd of tongue (34.3%) were the most common sites involved. Total of 204/256 (79.6%) patient had some form of addiction which included both smoked and smokeless form of tobacco as the most common type of addiction. Among the tobacco smokers, 24/80 (30%) had pre malignant and malignant lesions while among tobacco chewers 37/76 (48.6%) had pre malignant and malignant lesions.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Lesions of the oral cavity are common among Indian population due to high prevalence of tobacco addiction. A thorough history taking and examination can detect premalignant and malignant lesions at an early stage, so that timely treatment can reduce the mortality rates in such patients.</p>

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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Aim of the study was to estimate the benefits of having high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of temporal bone on clinically evaluated paediatric patients of acquired cholesteatoma.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> A total of 60 patients of paediatric age group (2-18 years) who were diagnosed with active squamosal type of chronic otitis media were selected for the study. HRCT of temporal bone was done in all the patients and findings were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Most patients were in the age group of 11-15 years (46.6%). Findings of pars tensa were subtotal perforation in 2 patients (3.3%), small central perforation in 8 patients (13.3%) and postero-superior marginal perforation in 12 patients (20%). Pars flaccida retraction pocket with cholesteatoma was seen in 31 patients (51.6%) and perforation with cholesteatoma in 13 patients (21.6%). Scutum erosion was seen in 31 patients (51.6%), ossicular erosion in 12 patients (20%) and facial nerve paralysis in 2 patients (3.3%). On HRCT temporal bone we found soft tissue density in middle ear in 60 patients (100%), soft tissue density in mastoid in 53patients (88.3%), osscicular erosion in 54 patients (90%), scutum erosion in 46 patients (76.6%), facial nerve canal dehiscence in 5 patients (8.3%), semicircular canal dehiscence in 2 patients (3.3%) and dural plate dehiscence in 11 patients (18.3%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> HRCT of temporal bone is helpful in depicting a clearer picture of middle ear cavity structures involved by cholesteatoma and thus helpful in formulating a strategy for further management.</p>