Purpose Otorhinolaryngological surgeries being highly aerosol-generating carry the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Most centers have canceled elective surgeries. Surgical demonstration and hands-on training of postgraduate residents are challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic. Continued training of residents is of utmost importance in terms of time and skill development. Tonsillectomy is one of the most common and important surgeries in ENT. Resident training of tonsillectomy is essential. Here, we present a simple, inexpensive model for tonsillectomy hands-on training addressing critical steps of the surgery. Methods An oropharynx and tonsil model is prepared using easily available materials, such as a small plastic tub, gauze pieces, ribbon gauze, and rubber strips. The junior residents are trained in all the critical steps of tonsillectomy using routine tonsillectomy instruments. Conclusion This model for tonsillectomy is a simple, inexpensive model for training postgraduate residents during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope that this model can help young residents to get trained in critical steps of tonsillectomy, in a closely simulated environment and help them develop confidence and skills in managing live patients.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> COM causes considerable morbidity with ear discharge, conductive hearing loss and complications. Ossicular reconstruction is a surgical procedure which intends to improve the quality of hearing and life in such patients. Comparison of the outcomes will help to determine the merits or demerits of a particular procedure.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted in the Department of ENT, VIMS, Bellary during the period from December 2010 to May 2012. All the patients with CSOM with ossicular erosion suggested by conductive hearing loss more than 40dB were included in the study. A detailed history taking, thorough clinical examination was done for these patients. Before and after the procedure pure tone audiometry was done to assess the hearing outcome. Post operatively PTA was done in 6^th week, 3^rd month, 6^th month follow up. Hearing improvement was analysed according to the type of procedure. The data collected was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> This study compared the outcomes of hearing gain in canal wall up versus canal wall down mastoidectomy surgeries. Hearing gain was better in canal wall up mastoidectomy (18.36 dB) than canal wall down mastoidectomy surgeries.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Hearing outcome was better in intact canal wall mastoidectomy than canal wall down mastoidectomy in our study.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>

BACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to determine the incidence of ossicular chain erosions in patients suffering from chronic otitis media, mucosal type. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study group comprised 60 consecutive patients affected by COM, mucosal type. Preoperative assessment was done by thorough clinical examination, pure tone audiometry, X-ray of mastoids, etc. Tympanic membrane perforation, continuity of ossicular chain, condition of middle ear mucosa, condition of mastoid air cells and antrum, patency of aditus was evaluated during surgery. Tympanoplasty and mastoidectomy were performed accordingly. RESULTSOssicular chain erosions were found in 23 (38.33%) out of the 60 patients included in the overall sample. Ossicular chain erosion was found most frequently in subtotal perforation, n=19 (31.67%); in patients with bilateral disease, n=22 (36.67%) and granulation tissue in the middle ear, n=15 (25%). The incus was the ossicle most frequently affected by erosion, n= 20 (33.33%). CONCLUSIONOssicular chain erosions in patients with chronic otitis media, mucosal type are frequent and are present in 38.33% of the patients as per this study. Incus is the most common ossicle to get eroded (33.33%). Subtotal perforation, bilateral disease and granulation tissue in the middle ear can be considered as good indicators of ossicular chain involvement.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">COM causes considerable morbidity with ear discharge, conductive hearing loss and complications. Type 1 tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure which intends improves the hearing and quality of the life. Comparison of the outcomes will help to determine the merits or demerits of a particular graft. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The study was conducted in the department of ENT, SMVMCH, Pondicherry from April 2015 to April 2017. A detailed history taking, thorough clinical examination done for these patients. PTA was done before the procedure, post operatively at 3^rd month. Hearing improvement analysed using different parameters like type of graft used, hearing gain, graft uptake; the data collected was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">All the patients had COM, mucosal type, with conductive hearing loss of &lt;40 dB. 23 patients underwent type 1 tympanoplasty by underlay technique using temporalis fascia, 19 patients using tragal perichondrium. There was no significant difference in total hearing gain at 3^rd month and graft uptake between temporalis fascia and tragal perichondrium. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">This study compared the outcomes of temporalis fascia and tragal perichondrium graft with respect to hearing gain and graft uptake. Tragal perichondrium graft equally effective as temporalis fascia graft in terms of hearing gain and graft uptake.</span></p>

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Peritonsillar abscess is the most common complication of acute tonsillitis.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective review was conducted to identify the cause, microbiology, management and outcomes of the peritonsillar abscess. Over a period of 4 years from September 2014 to September 2018, patients presenting with peritonsillar abscess to the Department of ENT, SMVMCH, Puducherry, who underwent wide bore needle aspiration at least once were included in this study. 45 patients were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscess.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Among 45 patients, 18 were males and 27 were females. Two patients presented with bilateral peritonsillar abscess. 40 patients responded well with initial wide bore needle aspiration and IV antibiotics, with no postoperative complications. 5 patients needed incision and drainage under local anaesthesia.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Wide bore needle aspiration is easy and cheap, less invasive, effective method of management in emergency situations of peritonsillar abscess. Early wide bore needle aspiration and iv antibiotics will prevent complications and reduce the need for incision and drainage.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>