Despite the increased interest in automation and the expanded deployment of robots in the construction industry, using robots in a dynamic and unstructured working environment has caused safety concerns in operating construction robots. Improving Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) can increase the adoption of robots on construction sites; for example, increasing trust in robots could help construction workers to accept new technologies. Confidence in operation (or self-efficacy), mental workload, and situational awareness are among other key factors that help such workers to remote operate robots safely.However, construction workers have very few opportunities to practice with robots to build trust, selfefficacy, and situational awareness, as well as resistance against increasing mental workload, before interacting with them on job sites. Virtual Reality (VR) could afford a safer place to practice with the robot, thus we tested if VR-based training could increase these four outcomes during the remote operation of
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