Many crops are colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF), which can efficiently absorb nutrient from the soil and induce plant immunity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AMF and rock phosphate (P) fertilizer applications on available P and some secondary plant metabolite in robusta coffee. The experiments were laid out in a 3 × 4 factorial randomized complete block design with AMF inoculants (control, Glomus intraradices LU3, Glomus sp. 2TS5) and rock phosphate fertilizer levels (0, 100, 200, and 400 g plant −1 ). Parameters measured root colonization percentage, available P in soil, total P in leaf, salicylic acid and phenolic compounds in leaves. The results showed that there was significant interaction between AMF and P in root colonization density, available P in soil, total P in leaves, and salicylic acid content. AMF (both Glomus intraradices and Glomus sp.) improved root colonization density (64-65%), available P in soil (30-50%), total P in leaves (37-40%), salicylic acid content (8-19%), and phenolic compounds in leaves (53-74%) compared to the control. Also, higher P at 400 g plant −1 increased root colonization density, available P in soil, total P accumulation in leaves, and salicylic acid. Therefore, AMF and rock P potentially represent an alternative way to promoting P uptake and plant immune in coffee.

Urea is high solubility nitrogen fertilizer. There is major nitrogen pollution in ecosystem. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer the way to decrease nitrogen form agriculture. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer the way to decrease nitrogen in agriculture. Slow-release formulations of nitrogen fertilizer were developed based on alginate-gelatin by using calcium chloride as the cross-linker in the egg-box model as hydrogels. Water-retaining ratio, loading behavior, and the release kinetics were examined. The release kinetic rates were investigated by Zero-order kinetic, First-order kinetic, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Weibull, and Hixson-Crowell models. The results showed that the S1G0.5 sample (alginate 1 g and gelatin 0.5 g) was the optimum condition for application as urea slow-release fertilizers because it was a minimal release kinetic rate for 12 hrs. These results indicate that the alginate-gelatin hydrogel can be a slow-release nutrient to plant an environmentally friendly fertilizer.

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The objective of this study was to efficiency determined of mycorrhizal fungi with different phosphate fertilizer application on phosphate solubilizing and soil properties of grapes orchard. The treatments were arranged in 2x5 factorials in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 5 replications. Factor 1: two levels of mycorrhizal fungi were non-inoculation and inoculation. Factor 2: five levels of phosphate fertilizer application were 0, 27.17, 54.34, 81.52 and 108.69 g plant -1 by soil analysis recommendation. The collected data was spore number, root colonization density, phosphatases activity of mycorrhizal fungi, available phosphorus (P) in soil, soil pH and phosphorus in leaf. The results showed that the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi increased spore number, root colonization density, phosphatases activity of mycorrhizal fungi, available P in soil and P in leaf compared with the non-inoculated. While, phosphate fertilizer at a rate 54.34 g plant -1 increased spore number, root colonization density, phosphatases activity of mycorrhizal fungi, available P in soil and P in leaf. Mycorrhizal fungi combination with 54.34 g plant -1 of phosphate fertilizer increased spore number, root colonization density, phosphatases activity and available P in soil.

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