Introduction: People with lactose intolerance are suggested to consume dietary items containing less lactose, such as goat’s milk. This study aimed to investigate the effects of goat’s milk powder on the health of lactose intolerant middle-aged adults. Methods: A total of 60 subjects were recruited into this randomised controlled trial. They were divided into four groups and received different dietary interventions (goat’s milk, goat’s milk with curcumin, goat’s milk with coffee, lactose-free milk) for five weeks. Health effects were compared between pre- and post-intervention. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters (blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and lactoferrin) were evaluated. Dietary intake was recorded using a food record. Results: Fifty-one lactose intolerant subjects completed the study. After ingestion of goat’s milk, there were significant reductions in body fat (p=0.033) and a significant increase in the percentage of muscle (p=0.021). Waist circumference (WC) decreased in both the goat’s milk with curcumin and goat’s milk with coffee groups (p<0.05 for all). Unfortunately, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) dropped after the five-week intervention in the goat’s milk group (p=0.002). Lactoferrin level of the goat’s milk group was higher than other groups at post-intervention (p<0.001). Besides, the goat’s milk with coffee group seemed to consume more carbohydrates after completing the intervention (p=0.034). Conclusion: A five-week intake of goat’s milk reduced the risk of abdominal obesity among middle-aged adults. In addition, it resulted in improved lactoferrin levels.

Oxidative stress contributes to defective antioxidant defenses, which may lead to type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to elucidate the T2D risks and antioxidant defenses by investigating the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), vitamin A, and vitamin E status. We observed 102 participants aged 35–66 years from Sung Neon, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. The blood samples were collected to measure the SOD, CAT, vitamin A, and vitamin E concentrations. The SOD and CAT activities were inversely associated with T2D risk. When compared with participants in the highest quartile of SOD and CAT, those in the lowest quartile for T2D risk obtained multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of 4.77 (SOD: 95% confident interval CI, 1.01–22.40; p = 0.047) and 4.22 (CAT: 95% CI, 1.07–16.60; p = 0.039). The possible influencing factors (e.g., physical activity, total cholesterol, and triglyceride) might mediate the association of SOD and CAT with T2D risk. Meanwhile, the relationship between vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations and T2D risk was insignificant. In conclusion, lower concentrations of antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT) may be an additional risk factor for T2D.

We determine the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs5498 and rs287432 on Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene (ICAM1) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) susceptibility in patients with hypercholesterolemia (HCL). The clinical characteristics of 278 participants were assessed, classified to group having HCL and without HCL. ICAM1 SNPs Genotyping was performed by DNA sequencing and ICAM1 expression was measured using real-time PCR. Positive dominant model rs5498 subjects had twice the risk of HCL (P = 0.005). Participants with the rs5498 AG or GG variants and high ICAM1 mRNA expression (≥ 3.12) had 2.68 times the risk (P = 0.000), and those with a high LDL-C concentration (≥ 3.36 mmol/L) had 1.99 times the risk (P = 0.014) of developing ASCVD compared with those with low ICAM1 mRNA and LDL-C levels. Interestingly, participants carrying the rs5498 AG or GG variants who had tachycardia (resting heart rates (RHRs) > 100 beats/min) had a 5.40-times higher risk than those with a lower RHR (P = 0.010). It may consider the G allele in ICAM1 rs5498 is associated with a higher risk of ASCVD in Thai people with HCL, and is also positively associated with ICAM1 mRNA expression, LDL-C concentration, and RHR.

Background Inflammation has been associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thus, polymorphisms of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines may influence the condition. This study aimed to determine the association between genetic variations in inflammation-related genes, including rs2794521 of the CRP gene, rs1800796 of the IL6 gene, and rs1799964 of the TNF gene, and risk of elevated blood glucose.Methods A total of 296 subjects were allocated to either the control group (n=135) or elevated blood glucose group (n=161). The studied single nucleotide polymorphisms were investigated among 296 subjects by real-time PCR technique. Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between the genetic variations and risk of elevated blood glucose.Results Both dietary intake and concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (CRP, IL6, and TNF-α) in the subjects with different genotypes were analogous. AG carriers of rs2794521 CRP showed the highest levels of obesity indices (BMI, waist circumference, and body fat; p<0.05 for all) compared to wild type. Homozygous variants of rs1800796 (GG) and rs1799964 (CC) were associated with significantly lower HbA1c level ( p =0.041) and fasting blood glucose concentration ( p =0.043), respectively. An association with decreased risk of elevated blood glucose was found among GG female carriers of rs1800796 [OR 0.23 (0.06-0.87), p =0.031]. A tendency towards lowered blood glucose was also seen in AGT carriers [OR 0.49 (0.024-1.02), p =0.058).Conclusions The polymorphisms rs2794521 CRP, rs1800796 IL6, and rs1799964 TNF were associated with risk of T2DM. Individuals who carried GG of rs1800796 or -717A-572G-1031T displayed a lower risk of T2DM.