A hospital-based, prospective study was done in 350 women of 20-50 years to compare VIA withPap smear for early detection of cervical dysplasia at Maternity Hospital, Thapathali, from May2004 to December 2004. Pap smear was taken from each woman followed by VIA. Women withpositive VIA and/or positive Pap smear were referred for colposcopy-directed cervical biopsy. Thevariables studied were age group, presenting complaint, age of marriage, parity, smoking habit andappearance of cervix.The incidence of positive VIA and Pap smear was 2.86 and 0.57 respectively. Pelvic pain was themost common presenting complaint. The majority of the women were married before 20 years ofage. All women with either positive VIA and/or Pap smear were of parity two or above. Therewas no significant association between smoking and positive VIA (P=0.699) or Pap smear (P=0.397).Approximately 36.57% of the women screened had abnormal looking cervix. There were two womenwith high grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and both were VIA positive and this was statisticallysignificant (Fischer exact P=0.0007). Of the ten VIA positive women, on histopathological examinationsix showed chronic cervicitis, one acute cervicitis, one showed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)II, one had normal finding and one was lost to follow up.VIA as a screening test for cervical neoplasia did not miss any lesion detected by Pap smear andconfirmed by cervical biopsy.Key words: cervical neoplasia, pap smear, visual inspection

Background: Carcinoma cervix is among a curable cancer, if identified at an early stage. Pap smear is a simple, safe, noninvasive, outdoor and effective method for detection of lesions of the cervix but it fails to localize the lesion. Cervical biopsy, on the other hand is a gold standard but invasive technique.Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was done in Nobel medical college from January 16, 2017 to January 15, 2018 where all pap smears received in a Department of Pathology were included in the study. However, only cases that had undergone both Pap smear and cervical biopsy were compared. Out of the 1492 pap smears, 118 cases underwent biopsy. Correlation was then done regarding cytological and histological diagnosis.Results: Majority of the cytological findings were normal. 7 patients of HSIL revealed moderate dysplasia and higher lesions in biopsy. 2 cases were that of adenocarcinoma which were diagnosed as inflammatory smear in Pap smear.Conclusion: Cervical Pap smear is reliable screening test to identify high grade squamous cell lesions and carcinoma, but it fails to localize the lesion and adenocarcinoma is hard to identify in a pap smear. Hence, cervical biopsy should be carried out to confirm the findings of Pap smear and in case of strong clinical suspicion.

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology is used as a primary diagnostic tool in thyroid lesions. But the bloody smears caused by negative pressure during aspiration compromise cellular concentration and cell morphology which may lead to its improper interpretation. FNNAC avoids active aspiration and depends on capillary tension to collect tissue sample in the needle bore, thus reducing bleeding and tissue trauma to the highly vascular thyroid. Material and Methods: This is a one year prospective study where FNNAC and FNAC were done on 87 patients. Cytopathologist was blind folded regarding the technique used and was asked to score the quality of slide base of Mair scoring system.Results: FNAC yielded significantly better material on the basis of hemorrhage and cellularity. Fifty six (64.37%) cases showed adequate diagnostic material in FNNAC technique while 54/87 (62.05%) cases showed adequate diagnostic material in FNAC technique. Twelve (13.79%) cases showed unsuitable diagnostic material in FNNAC technique and 26/ 87 (29.89%) cases unsuitable diagnostic material in FNAC technique. Among the individual criteria used in Mair scoring system, background clot/ blood was significantly low in FNNAC than FNAC with the p value less than 0.001. Amount of cellular material was significantly more in FNNAC with p value less than 0.001.Conclusion: FNNAC yielded more cellular and less hemorrhagic material and more diagnostic superior material than FNAC. Since thyroid is a highly vascular gland, FNNAC should be used instead of FNAC for less hemorrhagic and more cellular material.

A mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma is a tumor composed of both adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma components, with each comprising at least one-third of the lesion, as defined by the World Health Organization classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms in 2010.. A 67-years-old male was admitted to the hospital with symptoms suggesting gastric cancer. Histopathology examination from endoscopic biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma. Later partial gastrectomy specimen examination the lesion show presence of well differentiated adenocarcinoma along with neuro endocrine carcinoma.

Background: Tumors of lung are common in Nepal. The risk of malignancy has to be judged prior to surgery for which bronchoscopy is often done. Brocho-alveolar lavage and bronchial biopsy are routine procedure done for diagnosis of lung cancer during bronchoscopy. This study was done to correlate the cytology of broncho-alveolar lavage specimen with histopathology in malignant tumors of the lug in our setup. Materials and methods: This study was conducted at department of pathology, Nobel Medical College from August 2017 to December 2018. Histopathology reports with malignancy were compared to their cytological diagnosis. Results: A total of 141 cases were included in the study. Among the study population,  Bronchogenic carcinoma was found more prevalent in female. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy of broncho-alveolar lavage in the diagnosis of lung cancer were 88.1%, 97.98%, 94.7%, 95.1% and 95.03% respectively. Conclusions: Brochoalveolar lavage cytology has a greater accuracy for the diagnosis of lung cancer; however, benign cases need regular follow up as there are false negative cases.