Scientific and technological developments in the research and development of new drug delivery systems have been made in recent years by resolving physiological disorders, such as short gastric residence periods and unpredictable gastric emptying times. Dosage forms that can be hold within the stomach are called as Gastro-retentive Dosage Forms (GRDF). Multiple methods used in the prolongation of gastric residence time are floating drug delivery system, swelling and expanding system, polymeric bio-adhesive system, high density system and other delayed gastric emptying system. Medication-based disease treatment is entering a new era in which a increasing range of innovative drug delivery technologies are being used and are available for clinical use. Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS) is one of the gastro-retentive dosage forms used to achieve extended duration of gastric residency. The aim of writing this review on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) was to compile the recent literature with particular focus on the main floating mechanism to achieve gastric retention. Sustained oral release of gastrointestinal dosage types provides many benefits for drugs with absorption from the upper sections of the gastrointestinal tract and those that function locally throughout the stomach. This review includes the physiology, factors controlling gastric retention time, excipient variables influencing gastric retention, approaches to designing single-unit, hydro-dynamically balanced system and multi-unit floating structure, and aspects of their classification, formulation and evaluation are discussed in detail, and few applications of these systems.

Depression is an affective mental disorder characterized by extreme exaggeration and mood disturbances. The aggregate of genetic, environmental and psychological factors may lead to depression leading to decreased brain levels of monoamines such as noradrenalin, dopamine and serotonin. A massive wide variety of synthetic drugs are available for depression furthermore the side effects like dry mouth, nausea, gastrointestinal problem or respiratory problems, drowsiness, anxiety and cardiac arrhythmias are major restrictions in their application. Therefore the drug which restores the reduced level of monoamines in brain and might be beneficial remedy for depression. Researchers are presently seeking for more specific alternative antidepressants from natural source with high safety and lower costs. The purpose of this review is to enlist those plants having antidepressant activity.

No abstract

The conventional drug delivery systems provide an immediate release of the drug in which the release of the drug cannot be managed and the effective concentration at the target site cannot be sustained for a longer time. This form of dosage pattern can lead to plasma concentration fluctuation. Osmotic systems are the most effective strategy-based drug delivery control system.They work on the osmotic pressure principle to control the drug's delivery. The release of the drug is largely independent of the GIT's physiological factors. Such processes use osmosis as the main driving force for the release of drugs. For the osmotic drug delivery system, adequate water solubility of the drug is necessary. Osmotic drug delivery systems are composed of a drug core that is osmotically active and surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane. Numerous formulation factors such as osmotic pressure of the core component(s), solubility and size of the delivery orifice, and the nature of semi-permeable membrane influence drug(s) release from osmotic systems. This review offers a brief description of components, ideal drug characteristics, types of osmotically regulated pump and its mechanism, advantages, disadvantages.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is characterized as pulmonary artery obstruction caused by a thrombotic embolus the usual clinical presence of acute PE involves a patient with a sudden onset of dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain at breathing, while blood coughing (hemoptysis), signs of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and even collapse are less prevalent. PE is classified as PE which is massive, sub-massive and low risk. PE is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among the patients who are hospitalized. When venous clot is dislodged from the place where it was actually formed, the clot then proceeds towards a vessel of pulmonary circulation leading to pulmonary embolism. Many factors affect pulmonary embolism such as prolonged immobility, advanced age, postoperative time, post-infarction period, heart failure, obesity, pregnancy, etc. Treatment mainly involves anti-coagulants. This brief review summarizes the pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment, management and supportive measures involved in Pulmonary embolism.