Background and Purpose: Stroke rehabilitation targets functional retraining of the limbs along with balance and gait. Even after extensive rehabilitation, up to 50% of stroke survivors experience motor deficits and balance problems that linger due to which the individuals are at high risk of falls. Trunk impairments though common do not manifest themselves as an individual problem and can impact balance. The purpose was to study the effect of Pilates mat exercises on balance and limits of stability in chronic stroke patients. It was hypothesized that since core training is not the point of focus in stroke rehabilitation, training the same through Pilates method could give better improvements in balance.Subjects and Methods: 9 individuals were randomly allocated to either Pilates exercise group (PG, n=5) or Control Group (CG, n=4).the CG attended a regular rehabilitation program for stroke & the balance exercises were progressed week-wise. The PG, in addition to conventional treatment, attended 18 Pilates exercise sessions over a period of 6 weeks (3 sessions / week). Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment Scale (POMA) and Limits of Stability (LOS) including Reaction Time (RT), End Point Excursion (EPE), Maximum Excursion (MXE), Movement Velocity (MVL), and Directional Control (DC) were measured before and after the exercise program & compared to assess the training effects.[Results]: Pilates exercises positively affected both dynamic balance and LOS in Chronic Stroke patients. For LOS, the RT (0.0427) and MXE (0.0292) components showed significant improvement in the PG while the improvements in CG were not significant. Other components of LOS-EPE, MVL, DC showed improvements clinically in both PG and CG but were not statistically significant via unpaired 't' test. For dynamic balance, the improvements in POMA score were more in PG than CG (p=0.05) and were significant. Conclusion: This pilot study provides initial evidence that Pilates exercises may help improve balance and LOS in chronic stroke patients.

Introduction: A traditional South-Asian indigenous sport named as Pittuhas a unique place in Indian culture. It is known by different names around India such as seven stones, lagori, Ellu Kallu etc. The aim of this study was to assess the flexibility in pittu players using sit and reach test. This test is a field test to measure hamstring and lower back flexibility. This test is helpful in determining a person's risk for pain and injury as well as to enhance the players performance. Methods: A correlation study was conducted where we included 51 pittu players of both sexes between the ages of 14-24 years. In which 33 were male and 18 were female. The sit and reach test required the use of a specially constructed box which is known as sit and reach box. We conducted a sit and reach test on each participant and collected data to evaluate flexibility and demographic variables. Results:The study represents a negative correlation between flexibility and demographic variables, specifically protein (p=0.051) and body water (p=0.027) and a positive correlation with height (p=0.039). A significant difference (p<0.05) was observed for height, weight, BMI and flexibility between males and females. Conclusion:This study concludes that a significant relationship between flexibility and demographic variables is found in pittu players. This information might be useful to identify talent and evaluate performance in sports players.

Football is the most popular sport worldwide, played by athletes of all ages, it is associated with a high injury rate. The injuries occur during football games and practice due to a combination of high speed and full contact. The authors of different studies showed in their results that the incidence of football injuries a range from 0.5 to 45 injuries per 1000 hours of practice and games. Football injuries most commonly affect the knee and ankle joints, muscles, and ligaments of the thigh and calf. Most commonly affected region is lower extremity with an incidence of 61% to 90%. There are two types of risk factors intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors which are responsible for football injury. We found through this review of literature that ankle injuries are the most common injuries in football players. Other injuries which is also common in football players are such as, ligament of knee, hamstring strain, football concussion, wrist injury. Keywords: Footballers, Sports injury, High speed, Injury incidence.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the impact of chair aerobic exercises and core strengthening exercises on primary dysmenorrhea, assessing pain and disability scores using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Women's Low Back Pain and Disability Index (WaLLID). The effectiveness of these exercise interventions in reducing pain and disability associated with primary dysmenorrhea was examined. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with participants diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea. Two exercise groups were formed: chair aerobic exercises and core strengthening exercises. Pain and disability scores were measured using NPRS and WaLLID before and after the intervention. The exercises were performed for a specific duration, and the scores were compared within and between the exercise groups. Results: Both chair aerobic exercises and core strengthening exercises significantly decreased pain and disability scores of NPRS and WaLLID. However, no significant difference was observed in the scores between the two exercise groups. These findings indicate that both exercise modalities are effective in reducing pain and disability associated with primary dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: This study concludes that chair aerobic exercises and core strengthening exercises are effective in managing pain and disability in individuals with primary dysmenorrhea. Both exercise interventions offer comparable benefits in terms of pain management and functional improvement. The results support previous research highlighting the positive impact of exercise interventions on menstrual pain management. Chair aerobic exercises provide a suitable option for individuals with limited mobility or a preference for seated exercise, while core strengthening exercises focus on enhancing core strength and stability. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects, optimal exercise protocols, and potential combinations with other treatment modalities for primary dysmenorrhea management. Understanding the underlying physiological mechanisms of these exercise interventions would provide valuable insights for improving dysmenorrhea management. Keywords: Primary dysmenorrhea, Chair aerobic exercises, Core strengthening exercises, pain, disability, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Women's Low Back Pain and Disability Index.

Systematic investigations on defect-free IDDQ in deep submicron CMOS with reverse body bias were performed by SPICE simulation towards an attempt to improve resolution of IDDQ measurement. Effects of reverse body bias on off-state leakage of scaled CMOS devices and IDDQ of typical CMOS circuit cells were investigated. It was found that reverse body bias can effectively reduce defect-free IDDQ of typical 0.18 μm technology devices and logic gates while the faulty current is not as much reduced. The reduction in defect-free IDDQ was enhanced as the device temperature went up and diminishes as the temperature went down. Further investigation showed that reverse body bias also makes the defect-free IDDQ less sensitive to the input state; therefore, a single IDDQ current threshold might still be used for IDDQ testing of 0.18 μm CMOS circuits. It was found that there might exist an optimal reverse body bias that minimized the defect-free IDDQ current. The optimal reverse bias value decreases as the temperature went down and might vary from circuit to circuit, process to process, and technology generation to generation.