The effect of wet film application techniques on the physical and electrochemical properties and operational stability of RuO 2 -TiO 2 coated titanium anodes was evaluated. Four compositions of RuO 2 -TiO 2 coatings were applied to Ti substrates by three different wet coating methods-brush, dip and spin. Changing the coating technique resulted in different morphologies. Electrochemically active surface area of the coatings was related to the morphology. A shift in Ru(III)/Ru(IV) oxidation potential occurred upon changing the application technique. For lower ruthenium content coatings, this shift was related to coating lifetime. Anode stability in accelerated lifetesting showed that dip coated samples lasted up to three times longer than brush coated samples for lower ruthenium content.

A coating composition, ruthenium-palladium oxide, for use on titanium anodes for low-current-density oxygen evolution is presented. Coated titanium anodes hold the promise of producing higher-purity deposits with less power consumption in primary metal electrowinning, but their cost and long-term stability have limited their commercial acceptance. A coating based on stabilized RuO2 with another precious metal, Pd, has been commercially demonstrated, but limited information regarding its structure, electrochemical activity, and stability has been published. In this study, the structure, properties, and stability of various compositions of RuO2–PdOx coatings are reported. These coatings exhibit a compact mud-cracked surface. X-ray diffraction indicates the presence of two separate phases, (Ru,Pd)normalO2 and PdO , within the coating. The electrochemical activities of the coatings are similar to RuO2(75)–TiO2(25) , and the stability of these coatings as determined by accelerated life testing is at least four times better than RuO2–TiO2 .

Cloud computing is a trending technology due to its high availability and services. Cloud provides a platform for the large set of users to put their data and host for their processing requirements. But the main challenge is to provide a reliable storage for the users. To provide reliability cloud uses concept of replication in datacenters. But in case of natural calamity it is critical to save at least one replica of data; which will not be possible if all replicas are made in disaster prone locations. Apart from this network usage, energy consumption and service level agreement (SLA) should also be kept in mind. In this paper a survey is done on intelligent replication techniques which will keep all performance parameters in consideration. There is SLA violation and service can be improved considerably if data placement and replication algorithms are better.

Vitiligo affects patients profoundly as onlookers tend to stare at individuals with Vitiligo which impacts social life of patients and family members. Family members are hidden patients which are often missed in clinics, they suffer psychologically and never seek consultation for their suffering. To analyze effect of vitiligo on family member’s quality of life and to identify the different aspects of a family member’s FDLQI that may be affected by having a family member with Vitiligo. Consenting adults family members of 50 patients with Vitiligo, attending the OPD of a tertiary care, teaching hospital completed the standard FDLQI questionnaire. Based upon the FDLQI scoring, quality of life of 62% of patient’s family member were found to be affected in varying degrees (mean total score: 11.94±7.721). 10 aspects of FDLQI of family members were identified which were adversely affected the patients skin disease. These were categorized into 10 main topic areas: Emotional distress (70%), Physical well-being (56%), personal relationship (58%), People’s attitude (66%), Social life (56%), Leisure activities (52%), Burden of care (74%), Effect on housework (52%), Financial aspect (78%). Vitiligo can have a profound impact on not just patient’s but his/her family member’s quality of life.