Phoma Sacc. is an ubiquitous fungus, which has been reported from plants, soil, human beings, animals, and air. Some species of Phoma like P. sorghina, P. herbarum, P. exigua var. exigua, P. macrostoma, P. glomerata, Phoma macdonaldii, Phoma tracheiphila, Phoma proboscis, P. multirostrata, and Phoma foveata secrete phytotoxin and anthraquinone pigments as secondary metabolites, which have great potential for the biological control of weeds, and can be exploited for the production of mycopesticides, agrophytochemicals, and dyes. Some other species produce pharmaceutically active metabolites, viz., Sirodesmins, Phomenoic acid, Phomenolactone, Phomadecalins, Phomactin A, Phomasetin, Squalestatin-1 (S1), and Squalestatin-2 (S2). The secondary metabolites secreted by some species of Phoma are antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-HIV. Equisetin and Phomasetin obtained from species of Phoma are useful against AIDS. The main goal of the present review is to discuss secondary metabolite production by species of Phoma and their utilization as antibiotics and as biocontrol agents.

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Background - Primary Dysmenorrhea is the commonest problem experienced by adolescent girls. Pain begins just prior to or with the onset of menstrual flow and resolves with end of menstruation. The pain may be experienced in the pelvis, abdomen, and lower back or upper legs. Yoga provides benefits that prove extremely useful for people to lead a healthy life. Anuloma Villoma is one of the pranayama which balances both sides of the brain. This study is undertaken to find the effects of yogasanas along with pranayama on pain and severity in primary dysmenorrhea in adult young females. Objective- The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of yogasanas along with the pranayama to reduce the pain in adult young females with primary dysmenorrhea. Material and Methodology – The study was conducted at Nanded Physiotherapy College and Research Centre. A random sampling was taken consisting of 31 participants, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Where they have performed the yogasanas Bhujangasana, Matsyasana, Dhanurasana, Marjarasana, Vajrasana, Setu Bhanda Sarvangasana, Malasana, Apanasana, Supta Baddha Konasana along with Anuloma villoma techniques. The subjects were assessed at the baseline and after 4 weeks which included the subjects having presence of primary dysmenorrhea on the basis of Visual Analogue Scale and Verbal Multidimensional Scoring System for pain and severity. The intervention consisted for a period of 4 weeks. Result - For VAS and VMSS the p -value was <0.0001. Hence there was statistical significance of treatment in the pre and post within the Experimental group. The study supports that Yogasanas along with Pranayama techniques are more effective than using a single intervention protocol either of yogasanas or pranayama in primary dysmenorrhea. Whereas it showed a significant improvement in pain and severity of the subjects with primary dysmenorrhea Key words: Yogasanas, Pranayama, Pain, Severity, Primary dysmenorrhea.

Waste managing is a main worldwide problem that governments face each day. The excess of waste has been causing harmful impacts on our surroundings. Waste reduction need to be taken to the next stage. Electricity and waste management are big challenges that humans have faced. The intention of this paper is to recycle the wastage and use again and finally produce the energy from waste. These challenges in the future, Waste-to-energy (WTE) will be solution of waste and the production of energy. WTE idea gives economic and environmental profit and introduces a renewable energy source. Waste-to-energy is a renewable and clean source of energy.