Due to the radio range of the network, suspicious transmission, unattended nature, and easier access, Wireless Sensor Networks are vulnerable to malicious users and physical attacks. Hence security is a must in these cases. A workable solution to these problems might be to create a WSN for a secure temperature sensing system. Sensors gather temperature measurements, which are then communicated to an advanced RISC microprocessor (ARM) using Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) technology, which has been proven to transfer data accurately and reliably. The data is then stored in memory, controlled by the microprocessor. An ARM 9-based Samsung S3C2440 Controller running on the Linux operating system is used to achieve the functionality. The security system is incorporated using the host MCUs, and the temperature values are converted to digital form using the ARM processor’s ADC (S3C2440). The processor is connected to the console terminal through UART, which regularly sends data to the system. Security data is monitored and transferred to other Wi-Fi-equipped devices through a USB-based Wi-Fi module. The temperature readings are continuously monitored via this wireless sensor network. We perform the validation of our study through MATLAB simulations. We measure the sensor nodes’ total energy dissipated, throughput, and lifetime through MATLAB simulations. Over all in this research, we develop improved security in WSN system with application in ARM controller-based secured temperature monitoring system. This paper paves a direction toward further research in physical security in Wireless Sensor Networks.

In a scenario where every possible solution is investigated for sustainability, Energy Harvesting (EH) stands as an undisputed candidate for enhancing the network lifetime in WSNs where node lifetime decides the network's life. Radio Frequency (RF) energy is abundantly available in the ambience among all the available energy sources. Since both information and power are transmitted in an RF signal, EH is possible in the far-field region. At first, we present a novel 4-element rectangular Patch Antenna Array (PAA) design of EH rectenna. The receiving antenna is designed to pick up the radio signal in the RF range (2.45 GHz) from the free space. Then, the H-shape antenna is modified by introducing a circular slot to enhance the bandwidth. The paper compares the results of the basic parameters of the antenna, such as return loss, input impedance, bandwidth, gain, directivity, and efficiency. As a result, the modified H-shaped antenna (with circular slot) has an increased gain from 8.24 dB to 8.32 dB, with a reduced return loss from -10 dB to -16 dB and enhanced bandwidth from 64.8 MHz to 868 MHz. The high gain, large bandwidth, suitably matched impedance for a minor return loss, and high efficiency of the modified H-shaped patch antenna makes it eligible for energy harvesting application.

The energy requirement for household usage in residential buildings has increased rapidly in recent years. The storage method, user behaviour, and transmission method have major impact on the quantity and quality of energy consumed in daily scenario. This paper presents existing techniques with a research focus on improving energy efficiency. The goal of this research effort is to analyze the research gap to discover efficient method for object tracking and real-time monitoring of household items through identification of effective use of alternative sources of energy and improper use of energy using sequence patterns. The monitoring of the different states of moving objects poses a challenge which needs to be addressed in real-life applications to improve communication among system components and the end users. This paper presents proposed model to address the energy issues and discusses major advantages and limitations of existing methods that use data mining for energy conservation.

With the rising popularity and advent of many services on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), there is a compelling need to have energy-efficient solutions. The sensors and devices are powered by batteries whose life is limited, and at times it is impossible to replace the batteries, especially in remote applications. In such a scenario, Energy Harvesting (EH) stands as an undisputed candidate for enhancing the network lifetime. Radio Frequency (RF) energy is the most commonly available, ubiquitous, and reliable energy source among all the available energy sources. While RF signal carries both information and energy, EH is possible for long-distance and mobile environments. This work discusses initial research in the domain of EH in wireless networks via Radio Frequency (RF) signals. The paper presents an EH rectenna for energy harvesting over 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi band). The receiving antenna is designed to pick up the radio signal in the RF range (2.45 GHz) from the free space. The four patch elements design has an antenna substrate made with RT with a dielectric constant of 2.2. The paper presents the simulation results of the basic parameters of the antenna, such as return loss, input impedance, bandwidth, gain, directivity, and efficiency. H-shaped slot antenna and modified H-shaped antenna (with circular slot) are designed with a gain of 8.24 dB and 8.32 dB, return loss of -10 dB and -16 dB, and bandwidth of 64.8 MHz and 868 MHz. The high gain, large bandwidth, properly matched impedance for minimum return loss, and high efficiency of the modified H-shaped patch antenna makes it eligible for energy harvesting.

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