Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework that examines information technology (IT) governance effectiveness, its determinants, and its impacts on private organizations. Design/methodology/approach -The research draws on extant literature in IT governance, strategic information systems planning, strategic alignment maturity, information systems security, business and IT alignment, International Organization for Standardization in information systems, and organizational performance to identify determining factors for IT governance effectiveness, IT governance effectiveness factors, and organizational performance. Findings -The results of review suggest 14 propositions and five factors grouped into determinants including organizational demographics, information intensity, organizational culture, external environment characteristics, and IT function characteristics. Linking organizational practices with strategy, the proposed framework adopts the Balanced Scorecard four perspectives approach for monitoring organizational performance as the impact of IT governance effectiveness. IT governance dimensions in the research comprise structure, process, and relational mechanisms. Originality/value -IT governance is a part of corporate governance to help organizations manage risks and protect themselves from technology-related losses. The framework provides a starting point for researchers and practitioners to further examine IT governance practices. For researchers, the framework clarifies the determining factors of IT governance, dimensions of IT governance, and impacts through proposed relationships. For practitioners, the framework can be used to gain insight into the contributing factors of IT governance effectiveness.

With particular reference to Asia–Pacific countries, the present study examines how access to finance and financial development affects firms’ ability to enter export markets. Using firm‐level data from the World Bank Enterprises Survey, we found that access to finance plays a significant role in improving firms’ ability to export. In addition, development of the financial sector fosters export market entry. Among the financial development indicators, reach of the banking sector variable is most prominent. The present study suggests that improvements in access to finance and financial development (increases in the reach of the banking sector) enable firms operating away from capital or major cities to enter export markets easily. The present study supports policy intervention to strengthen access to the financial sector, which would encourage firms to export, and to facilitate export market entry for remotely located firms.

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Sunk costs determine the level of productivity and exportability of a firm according to the modern trade theory. While productivity rise requires finance for innovation and technology adoption from external sources, this article attempts to argue that sources of finance would be detrimental to the innovation ability of firms. Although formal banking finance suffers from asymmetric information, it is less risky to invest on R&D compared to that of non-banking sources and capital market. In other words, the fund received from formal banking source raises innovation, and, thereby, exportability of firms and financing from other sources involve higher cost and limit innovation capacity and exportability. Analysis of firm-level database provided by the World Bank Enterprise Survey confirms that firms depend more on formal banking source for investment in innovation, and this is found to be significant in explaining innovation and exportability.