No abstract

In recent years, physics-informed neural networks (PINN) have been used to solve stiff-PDEs mostly in the 1D and 2D spatial domain. PINNs still experience issues solving 3D problems, especially, problems with conflicting boundary conditions at adjacent edges and corners. These problems have discontinuous solutions at edges and corners that are difficult to learn for neural networks with a continuous activation function. In this review paper, we have investigated various PINN frameworks that are designed to solve stiff-PDEs. We took two heat conduction problems (2D and 3D) with a discontinuous solution at corners as test cases. We investigated these problems with a number of PINN frameworks, discussed and analysed the results against the FEM solution. It appears that PINNs provide a more general platform for parameterisation compared to conventional solvers. Thus, we have investigated the 2D heat conduction problem with parametric conductivity and geometry separately. We also discuss the challenges associated with PINNs and identify areas for further investigation.