To conclude E.coli was the most frequent isolate, of which 63% were biofilm producers. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern in the present study showed quinolones were the least active drug against uropathogens. The uropathogens showed the highest sensitivity to carbapenems. The next best alternatives were aminoglycosides. Significant correlation between biofilm production and multi-drug resistance was observed in our study.

Background: Biofilm is a complex aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other to a surface in a self-produced matrix of extra-cellular polymeric substance. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in the biofilm mode of growth contributes to the chronicity of infections. Aims: This study was aimed to find out the prevalence of biofilm producers among the microorganisms isolated from our setup and to find out their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern with special reference to Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC producers. Settings and Design: It is a prospective, analytic study. Materials and Methods: The study included 169; non-repeat, clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae collected over a period of 6 months. All isolates were tested for biofilm production by tube adherence methods. Any bacterial species which showed resistance to any of third generation cephalosporin was tested for ESBL production and AmpC production. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was carried out by taking percentage and simple ratios. Results: Among 169 isolates, 100 (59.2%) were biofilm producers. In our study, 44 (26%) and 43 (25%) isolates were ESBL and AmpC producers respectively. Of 44 ESBL producers, 42 (95.4%) and of 43 AmpC producers 39 (90.7%) were biofilm producers. Conclusions: Among 169 isolates, 26% and 25% were ESBL and AmpC producers. Of which, more than 90% were biofilm producers, which showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Disabling biofilm resistance may enhance the ability of existing antibiotics to clear infections involving biofilms that are refractory to current treatments.

Background The increased incidence of candiduria in hospitalized patients is due to the use of indwelling devices, long-term antibiotics, parenteral nutrition, and immunocompromised status of the patient. In this study, an attempt was made to speciate, characterize, and determine the antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs). Materials and Methods A total of 70 Candida isolates were obtained from urine samples. The isolated Candida species were studied for the production of virulence factors like phospholipase, protease activities, hemolysin, and biofilm production. Antifungal susceptibility testing of the isolated yeasts was done using Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 0.5 mg/mL methylene blue by E-test method for amphotericin B, fluconazole, caspofungin, and voriconazole. Results Out of 70 isolates, Candida tropicalis was the most frequently isolated species (65.7%), followed by Candida albicans (14.3%), Candida glabrata (7.1%), Candida krusei (5.7%), Candida parapsilosis (4.3%), and Candida dubliniensis (2.9%). A total of 37.1% were biofilm producers, 62.9% showed proteinase activity, 38.6% were phospholipase positive, and 58.6% isolates showed hemolytic activity. Antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species showed 38.6, 25.7, 15.7, and 12.9% resistance to amphotericin B, fluconazole, caspofungin, and voriconazole, respectively. Conclusion A rising trend in isolation of non-albicans Candida from urinary isolates was noticed, which was statistically significant when comparing catheterized and noncatheterized urinary isolates from our study. However, there was no statistically significant difference when different virulence factor expressions were compared among Candida spp. isolated from catheterized and noncatheterized urinary samples. Due to this rise in non-albicans Candida species causing UTI that are intrinsically resistant to certain antifungal agents like azoles and increasing incidence of antifungal resistance, it is essential to monitor the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species causing candiduria.

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