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BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a significant public health problem, is a leading cause of disability and mortality in all regions of the globe despite advancement in prevention and treatments. Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) is 'stealth' pathology of TBI. Although found throughout the white matter, it comprises primarily microscopic damage, rendering it almost invisible to current imaging techniques. METHODS A prospective study of all consecutive patients who presented with antecedent event of head injury to M.K.C.G Medical College Hospital Berhampur, was conducted from July 2016 to June 2018. Patients were subjected to CT head scan with bone window and autopsy at the Department of Forensic Medicine, with special reference to DAI. RESULTS Out of 15 cases in DBI group, only 2 cases (13.33%) had fissure fracture on vault. In the DBI group out of 15 cases, focal lesions in Corpus Callosum (CC) were found in 9 cases (60%) on gross examination and 2 cases (13.33%) had gross focal lesions in brain stem adjacent to superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP). SAH was seen in 8 cases (53%). Brain swelling was seen in 5 cases (33.33%). CT scan was found to be normal in all the cases in the DBI group. CONCLUSION The current study revealed that in case of patients suspected of DAI, CT is not the investigation of choice. MRI of the brain should be obtained on an elective basis when the patient is clinically stable because no effective treatment of DAI is currently available. The final outcome of the patient depends on the presence or absence of diffuse axonal injury.

BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and cause of cancer related deaths among women worldwide. Triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) is a subtype with poor outcomes. The current study aimed at evaluating the hormone receptor and HER2/neu status of the study population and to know the burden of triple negative breast carcinoma here. It also aimed at assessing TNBC's response to various treatment modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective single institutional study, ninety-two new cases of breast carcinoma were diagnosed, treated and evaluated using HP study and IHC taking into consideration various parameters like age, tumour size, grade, lymph node involvement, ER/PR status, HER2 /neu status and response to treatment at 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS In this study, 78.2% cases were found to be Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (NOS) type. Oestrogen receptor positivity was seen in 48 (52.1%) cases. Progesterone receptor positivity was seen in 45 (48.9%) cases. HER2/neu positivity was seen in 36 (39.2%) cases. There were 45 (48.9%) patients in the study who showed both ER & PR positivity. The burden of triple negative cases was 31 (33.7%). CONCLUSION The current study revealed that the burden of the TNBC was high in the study population and outcomes for such cases were poor.

BACKGROUND We wanted to evaluate the aetiology, age incidence, histopathology, site of occurrence of lower gastrointestinal bleeding using colonoscope. We also wanted to study the clinical presentations of different types of lower gastrointestinal bleeding along with effect of diet on it. MATERIALS AND METHODS 134 patients were selected for the study who had complained of per rectal bleeding. After bowel preparation using colonoscope Olympus CV-170, both macroscopic & histopathological diagnosis, most common site involved and age of incidence were determined. RESULTS This study of 134 cases shows that the mean age of diagnosis was 44.40 years. For all types of lower gastrointestinal bleeding, the age range was (2-83) years. The most common aetiology of lower gastrointestinal bleeding is internal haemorrhoids-45 (33.58%), followed by normal mucosa in 33 (24.62%) cases and the least common is lax anal canal with posterior anal fissure 1 case (0.74%). Colorectal masses, inflammatory and/or ulcerative colonic lesions & polyps were found in 15 (11.19%), 18 (13.43%) and 13 (9.70%) cases respectively. 15 (11.19%) cases had colorectal cancer. Male 8 (5.97%) cases have higher percentage of cancer than female 7 (5.22%) cases. Mean age of diagnosis of colorectal cancer in this series is 45.13±18.05 years. Rectum (58.20%) is the most common site involved followed by whole colon (24.62%). The study carried out had bleeding per rectum (100%) & constipation (100%) in all patients. Dehydration (11.19%) and anorexia (11.19%) were the least common clinical presentations. Biopsy was done in 27 (20.14%) cases, which revealed adenocarcinoma in 14 (10.44%) cases followed by mucinous adenocarcinoma in 1 (0.74%) case. Rectal polyps were found in 12 (8.95%) cases. Dietary habit has definitive role as shown by non-vegetarian/vegetarian ratio 5.06. Only 54 (40.44%) cases had definite family history. Rectal polyps in this set up were more commonly seen in younger age (22.23 ± 20.63 years) group, in whom histopathological evaluation was done to rule out future possibility of malignancy. In many cases of colonoscopy, no abnormality was detected. The most common aetiology of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in these cases was irritable bowel syndrome which was further evaluated by esophago-dudenoscopy and enteroscopy. CONCLUSION Colonoscopy is one of the best modalities to diagnose causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. It will be better to have screening colonoscopy after age of 50.

BACKGROUNDTrauma is "the neglected disease of modern developing nations." Hollow viscous injury following blunt trauma to abdomen is not common. The incidence of hollow viscous injuries following abdominal trauma varies from 2 to 15%. The following study was conducted at