Objectives: To evaluate the proportion of scrub typhus meningoencephalitis among children with acute encephalitis syndrome and to outline its differentiating features. To develop a prediction rule for scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care public hospital in Northern India. Consecutive patients of acute encephalitis syndrome who met our inclusion criteria were enrolled over 2 years. Standardized workup including serum IgM against Orientia tsutsugamushi was performed. Clinical and laboratory features were compared between IgM-positive and IgM-negative patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the score derived from “independent predictors” was measured. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated at different cut-offs of the score. Results: Scrub typhus IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive in 66/352 patients (18.8%). Longer duration of fever and prodromal stage along with eschar, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and pneumonia were significantly more prevalent in scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. However, petechiae were frequent in non–scrub typhus patients. Leucocytosis, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and elevated levels of serum bilirubin, serum transaminases, and cerebrospinal fluid protein were associated with scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. Logistic regression revealed fever for >8 days, pneumonia, absence of petechiae, cerebrospinal fluid protein >1000 mg/L, and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase >100 IU/L as independent “predictors” of scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% confidence interval) of the prediction score was 0.832 (0.78-0.89). Score at cutoff ≥1 had 91% sensitivity, 96.1% negative predictive value, and at cutoff ≥4 had 99.7% specificity, 88.9% positive predictive value, 83.1% negative predictive value, 40.3 positive likelihood ratio, 0.88 negative likelihood ratio for identifying scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. Conclusion: Prediction score may help physicians in peripheral areas to identify and treat scrub typhus meningoencephalitis, an emerging cause of acute encephalitis syndrome in India.

In this paper, the hand gesture of a person is recognised and it identifies which hand of the person is raised. The skin colour is taken to recognise hands and face and the dark background is taken so that the skin detection may become easier. The hands and face are differentiated on the basis of area and centroid. Camera is the only input device used in this algorithm. No other input device is used to differentiate hands from the remaining body. This algorithm can be used both on the captured images and real time images.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a chronic disorder distinguished by continuous joint inflammation; the usual indicators of joint inflammation include pain, swelling and limitation of mobility. "Idiopathic" indicates that we do not know the aetiology of the disease and "juvenile", in this situation, means that the beginning of the symptoms generally occurs before 16 years of age. JIA is categorized into oligoarticular, polyarticular, systemic, psoriatic, enthesitis-related and undifferentiated arthritis. To assist better comprehend JIA for research objectives; generally agreed categorization criteria are applied. Although these are not diagnostic, they can assist guide physicians when treating a youngster with arthritis. One of the most extensively used categorization criteria was developed by the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) in 1995 by expert consensus, and has undergone additional adjustments. In this nation, the number of JIA is huge: the estimated prevalence ranges from 350 000 to 1.3 million. Almost all children with arthritis experience chronic or recurring pain with 70 percent impairment in physical activities. Approximately half of patients with JIA have limited use of upper limbs or hands and difficulty with hand strength.

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