The exhaustive nature of petroleum products triggers the obstacles of scarcity, economic imbalance, and environmental depletion. It is difficult to avoid their usage all of a sudden and switch to clean electric prime movers. Under all these circumstances, the researchers may initiate their investigations on alternative fuels for preeminent solution. The present study covers the performance and emissions of a single cylinder, four-stroke, diesel engine fueled with Pongamia pinnata and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesels added with n-butanol additive at various proportions. In this investigation, the piston has been coated with ceramic material with a thickness of 200 µm topcoat. The blends have been tested at 1500 rpm speed and rated compression ratio of 17.5 : 1 at various operating loads. A comparative result analysis has been made on the engine parameters operated by diesel and showed that mechanical efficiency gradually increases with a percentile increment of n-butanol in the blend. Moreover, emissions such as CO, CO2, NOx, and opacity were found to be reduced for the samples having high amount of n-butanol, whereas HC emissions slightly increased. In addition, all the exhaust gases have been predicted by using second-order polynomial equations generated and artificial Intelligence technique, and the comparative analysis has been made. It has been identified that ANN showed an average accuracy of prediction superior than regression analysis.

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Hydrocarbon injection is an important stage in combustion, where the atomisation process is involved the atomisation process which consists of disintegrating the fuel into small droplets, through an injector to add more transfer area, the fuel, through an injector to add more transfer area. The size of droplet size generated by the injector must be less than 80 μm to ensure good combustion and avoid combustion and avoid pollutants such as CO and NOx. This research worked with ethanol, a low-emission hydrocarbon, which has a high viscosity which makes it difficult to achieve the correct droplet diameter. This type of study needs to be both theoretical and experimental with simulation being a great tool to replace the latter. The finite element method included in the Flow Simulation package of the SolidWorks software was used in this research. The Flow Simulation package of the SolidWorks software was used, where a Y-type injector was sketched to be evaluated. The dynamic simulation helped to measure the velocity field, at the outlet of the air nozzle, a cavity with a diameter of 0.4 mm, which helps to increase the kinetic energy of the air. The kinetic energy of the fluid obtains the highest values of the Mach number in this area.