A study was conducted to evaluate genetic polymorphism in three Sakini chicken populations using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with seven highly polymorphic primers. All populations showed polymorphism with these primers that generates 59 different bands with an average of 8.4 bands per primer with 78.6% polymorphism nature. Primer OPA-16 produced the highest number of polymorphism bands 47 % and the lowest number of bands was produced by the OPA-05 primer 24 %. Differences for genetic distance (D) among populations were significant (P<0.05). A consensus dendogram was therefore developed to show the phylogenetic relationship among the populations. The cluster pattern is well supported by the principle component analysis that also separates all three populations of Sakini chicken into six major groups. The results provide evidence of the applicability of RAPD to determining genetic relatedness within and among different poultry populations and in developing reproducible markers useful in evaluating individual variation in poultry. SAARC J. Agri., 18(2): 115-124 (2020)

Beta casein (β-casein) has gained considerable interest among scientists and farmers as it provides promising factors to milk that enhance its quality and concentration. It is believed that the A1 β-casein variant shares an association with numerous human diseases. Since there are numerous hypotheses concerning the link between variants of β-casein and human diseases, many researchers across the globe have genotyped the cattle in terms of A1, A2 β-casein variants. This paper catalogs the A1 and A2 β-casein genotypes shared by different cattle breeds across the globe. Various literature encompassing the adverse effects of β-casein variants were assessed adequately. This paper suggests that the effects of undertaking the A1 β-casein variant on human health are ambiguous. Adequate research providing stronger evidence is needed for understanding the effects imparted by the consumption of both A1 and A2 β-casein variants on human health.

Due to the growing interest in the production and consumption of wild boar meat, the quality attributes of meat products should be well established. To characterize the quality of wild boar cross meat, two males and two females reared in the same environment were slaughtered at an average of one year of age, and meat samples were was collected and analyzed for different parameters such as for moisture, pH value, protein, fat, iron, phosphorous, calcium, water holding capacity through the measure of cooking loss. Data obtained for live body weight, carcass biochemical characteristics, and meat quality traits were submitted to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using a general linear model (uni-variate) in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program and the level of significance was determined observing the probability value (p) obtained through ANOVA of respective traits. To study the association among nutritive values and body parts, Pearson’s correlation coefficients were determined using in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program. The pH values were found to be in the range of 5.78 to 5.90. Moisture, total ash, fat, and protein contents were observed to be in the range of 71.38 to 73.57 %, 0.89 to 1.10 %, 4.34 to 5.54 %, and 16.73 to 18.84 % respectively. Iron, phosphorous, and calcium content were found to be in the range of 1.94 to 2.94 mg/100g, 20.17 to 37.57 mg/100g, and 170.68 to 190.88 mg/100g respectively whereas cooking loss was in the range of 31.59 to 26.88 %. Sensory evaluation of meat samples was examined by a group of panelists according to the hedonic rating test. The consumer preference was similar to both types of meat samples (male and female). The overall acceptance; however, were higher in female samples than in male samples due to boar taint evident during the cooking or eating of pork derived from non-castrated male pigs once they reach puberty. The comparison of wild crosses among available commercial pigs and indigenous pigs is warranted for further studies with an appropriate and defined production system to obtain lean meat as per the consumer preferences which could be extensively used in commercial pig production to provide high-quality pork.

Coordinated cell movement is a fundamental process in organ formation. During heart development, bilateral myocardial precursors collectively move towards the midline (cardiac fusion) to form the primitive heart tube. Along with extrinsic influences such as the adjacent anterior endoderm which are known to be required for cardiac fusion, we previously showed that the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfra) is also required. However, an intrinsic mechanism that regulates myocardial movement remains to be elucidated. Here, we uncover an essential intrinsic role in the myocardium for the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) intracellular signaling pathway in directing myocardial movement towards the midline. In vivo imaging reveals that in PI3K-inhibited zebrafish embryos myocardial movements are misdirected and slower, while midline-oriented dynamic myocardial membrane protrusions become unpolarized. Moreover, PI3K activity is dependent on and genetically interacts with Pdgfra to regulate myocardial movement. Together our findings reveal an intrinsic myocardial steering mechanism that responds to extrinsic cues during the initiation of cardiac development.

Nepalese cattle are known for their genetic potentiality concerning inhabitant in extreme climatic conditions, surviving in the scarce food supply, and resistant to several diseases. We aimed to assess Nepal’s ancestral origin and genetic diversity of indigenous cattle breeds based on hyper-variable D loop mtDNA sequences. Three cattle breeds (Siri, Achammi, & Lulu) comprising the total sample population (n= 75) were employed in the study where the mt DNA information of two breeds (Achammi & Lulu) were retrieved from the published source. Hyper-variable D loop (910bp) of Siri cattle was PCR amplified and sequenced. This study claims that the possible ancestral origin of Bos taurus and Bos indicus mtDNA lineage in the Nepalese cattle population is majorly influenced by China and India, respectively. This study suggests that Nepalese cattle can be divided into two major groups: Bos taurus and Bos indicus, where most of the cattle population was of Bos indicus origin. The sampled population can be classified into three significant haplogroups: T3 (25%), I1 (48%), and I2 (27%) revealing a higher genetic diversity among the Nepalese cattle population. Only T3 taurine haplogroup was found in the sampled population. It was consistent with the fact that the absence of T1 haplogroup in North-East Asian cattle. In terms of Bos indicus, the I1 haplogroup was dominant over I2. Higher genetic diversity can be appropriate reasoning for Nepalese cattle’s survival in a harsh environment and low food conditions.