No abstract

Heart failure is a common clinical syndrome and a global health priority. The burden of heart failure is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide as well as in India. Heart failure not only increases the risk of mortality, morbidity and worsens the patient's quality of life, but also puts a huge burden on the overall healthcare system. The management of heart failure has evolved over the years with the advent of new drugs and devices. This document has been developed with an objective to provide standard management guidance and simple heart failure algorithms to aid Indian clinicians in their daily practice. It would also inform the clinicians on the latest evidence in heart failure and provide guidance to recognize and diagnose chronic heart failure early and optimize management.

Percutaneous nephrostomy is the procedure of establishing a temporary drainage tract of the renal pelvi-calyceal system through the skin. This study aims to find out whether low cost trocar catheter can be a suitable substitute for the relatively high cost fluoroscopy/ultrasonography guided tract dilatation and tube insertion procedure. Percutaneous nephrostomy by the trocar catheter was performed in 126 patients. Under local anesthesia, a stab wound deep enough to traverse the muscle layer was made through which the trocar - catheter drainage set was inserted under ultrasonography guidance. About 179 procedures were performed in 126 patients. Primary technical success rate was 94%, major complication rate 1.6%, minor complication rate 11% and catheter related complications like catheter blockage or dislodgement were 13%. There was no procedure related mortality in our series. The ultrasonography-guided trocar, catheter nephrostomy, is a quick, safe and low cost procedure in selected cases of upper urinary tract obstruction. The primary technical success and complication rates are comparable to any other reported procedure and its low cost is particularly suitable for developing countries like India.

The Asian-Indian phenotype of type 2 diabetes mellitus is uniquely characterized for cardiometabolic risk. In the context of implementing patient-centric holistic cardio-metabolic risk management as a priority, the choice of various combinations of antidiabetic agents should be individualized. Combined therapy with two classes of antidiabetic agents, namely, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and sodiumglucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, target several pathophysiological pathways. The wideranging clinical outcomes associated with this combination, including improvement of glycemia and adiposity, reduction of metabolic and vascular risk, safety, and simplicity for sustainable compliance, are extremely relevant to the Asian Indian patient population living with T2DM. In this review we describe the available evidence in detail and present a rational

46XY complete gonadal dysgenesis (SWYER SYNDROME) is a rare type of Disorder of Sex Development. Herein we report a 15 years-old child, reared as female, presented with complaints of primary amenorrhoea, without short stature or Turner's stigmata. Secondary sexual development was normal. Biochemically, luteinizing hormone (LH) was 23.29 mIU/ml and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was 54.94 mIU/ml. Serum estradiol level was 15.33 pg/ml (21-51), and Testosterone was 14.04 ng/dl. USG abdomen revealed a small uterus with thinned endometrium. MRI Abdomen showed hypoplastic uterus with non-visualized B/L ovaries (? Complete/pure gonadal dysgenesis). Patient had withdrawal bleeding with estrogen progesterone challenge test. Karyotype analysis revealed 46XY with no evidence of mosaicism. Based on these results a diagnosis of Swyer Syndrome (complete gonadal dysgenesis: Disorder of Sexual Development) was suspected. Patient was managed with a multidisciplinary approach and various issues were discussed.