Purpose of the study: This study seeks to explore the influence of culture on audiences' responses to online negative campaigns during Indonesia's 2014 and 2019 presidential elections. It shows that voter behavior is not determined entirely by media messages, as voters' decisions are strongly informed by their cultural and family backgrounds. Methodology: Negative campaign messages conveyed through online mass-media coverage were used as the main object of this study. These messages were analyzed categorically, with a focus on their themes, values, and ideologies. Data inference was made contextually, with a specific focus on cultural context.  Main Findings: Mass media audiences' reception of negative campaigns is not homogenous, but influenced by political ideologies, social statuses, cultures, past experiences, and family characteristics. As such, negative campaigns do not influence the perceptions of mass media audiences, but rather reinforces audiences' existing political preferences. This is because Indonesian audiences are not individual (as common among new media audiences), but rather collective. They are divided into specific groups based on their political ideologies and the socio-cultural values that they learn from their families. Applications of this study: The findings can be applied to evaluate the media's effectiveness in constructing public knowledge and shaping public decisions. Novelty/Originality of this study: Although it has long been argued that the media can shape public opinions and decisions, this study shows that it plays a significant role in reinforcing existing political preferences. Audiences use the media to justify values that, owing to their specific family backgrounds and social environments, they have already embraced.

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The significant growth of information and communication technology (ICT) has the potential to promote economic growth. On the other hand, it also cause an increase in cyber threat and hence must be handled properly. Comprehensive and collective approach in handling cyber threat should be considered as importance. One of the most important aspect that should be considered is organizational structures. It plays a significant role in organizing responsibility among cyber related agencies. This paper provides a comparison study about a delegation scheme of responsibilities in cyber related role among different agencies among three different countries Malaysia, Australia and Indonesia. This study has shown that Indonesia has a more complex partition scheme of delegating responsibilities.

This research examines the netizen communities' reception of the 'black' campaigning before the Indonesian Presidential Election of 2014, especially focuses on how the general public gave meaning to the black campaigns presented textually through online mass media (specifically okezone.com and detik.com) in the run-up to the Indonesian Presidential Election. The findings state that netizen communities' reception to the black campaigning in the lead-up to the election was not homogenous, but rather depended greatly on background factors such as political ideology, social status, cultural background, past experiences, and family characters. Public belief in the content of the black campaigns also varied; some believed the negative rumors being spread, whereas others did not believe these rumors at all. It is obvious that the black campaigning through the new media generally did not influence netizen communities' perceptions, but rather reinforced their own political preferences that had already divided them into groups supporting specific candidates. In receiving the messages and rumors spread by black campaigns through online mass media, netizens did not act as individuals, but rather as collectives united by specific political ideologies and socio-cultural values which were socialized through family institutions.

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