OBJECTIVE:The present study assessed the feasibility, effectiveness, and students’ attitude toward histology teaching using WhatsApp.MATERIALS AND METHODS:We conducted 6 months of histology teaching session on a “Histology learning WhatsApp group” consisting of 250 1st-year medical graduate students at Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur. A teacher posted a digital image of histology slides created using a mobile camera; a slide diagram sketched using hematoxylin and eosin pencil, identification points, and detail description of slide followed by discussion of queries. The feasibility was measured by adequate enrollment of students in the WhatsApp group, drop-out rate during the teaching period, acceptability of the by students based on their feedback, and perception of the teacher. To study the effectiveness, we conducted an online test pre- and posttests after every 2 months. The Student's attitude WhatsApp learning was assessed using the prevalidated feedback questionnaire.RESULTS:All the 1st-year medical graduate students admitted in the year 2016 enrolled and most of them were actively participated in the discussion conducted on WhatsApp group with zero dropout rate. Students’ feedback indicated that students enjoyed learning using WhatsApp with better participation than traditional teaching method. Students liked anytime, anywhere learning using WhatsApp and it helped them to clear doubts. The statistical difference between average pre- and posttest scores (6.54 ± 2.33 and 16.37 ± 3.32, respectively) were statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS:We conclude that histology teaching using WhatsApp learning group is feasible, effective, and student-friendly method. It should be used more frequently to complement traditional teaching.

No abstract

COVID-19 was caused by the original coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV2), which originated in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 had a large breakout of cases in early 2020, resulting in an epidemic that turned into a pandemic. This quickly enveloped the global healthcare system. The principal testing method for COVID-19 detection, according to the WHO, is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Isolation of patients, quarantine, masking, social distancing, sanitizer use, and complete lockdown were all vital health-care procedures for everyone. With the ‘new normal’ and vaccination programmes, the number of cases and recovered patients began to rise months later. The easing of restrictions during the plateau phase resulted in a rebound of instances, which hit the people with more ferocity and vengeance towards the start of April 2021. Coronaviruses have evolved to cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurologic diseases, resulting in a wide range of diseases and symptoms such as fever, cough, myalgia or fatigue, shortness of breath, muscle ache, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, hemoptysis, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anosmia, and ageusia. Coronavirus infections can be mild, moderate, or severe in intensity. COVID-19 pulmonary dysfunction includes lung edoema, ground-glass opacities, surfactant depletion, and alveolar collapse. Patients who presented with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea had a higher risk of negative outcomes. COVID-19’s influence on cognitive function is one of COVID-19’s long-term effects. More clinical situations need to be reviewed by healthcare professionals so that an appropriate management protocol may be developed to reduce morbidity and death in future coming third/fourth wave cases.

BackgroundPremenstrual syndrome is a psychoneuro endocrine stress related disorder.PurposeTo study the effect of premenstrual stress on autonomic function.MethodsStudy of autonomic function basal heart rate, basal blood pressure, systolic & diastolic response to cold stimulus was carried out in 80 Eumenorrheic females age between 18-25 yrs. during premenstrual & post menstrual phase. Subjects were divided in two groups control (n-40), premenstrual syndrome group (n-40) based on presence of symptoms.ResultsIncreased autonomic nervous activity with significantly increased heart rate, blood pressure, systolic & diastolic response to cold stimulus was observed during premenstrual phase. Difference of mean of autonomic function in pre and post menstrual phase in premenstrual syndrome group was significantly higher than control.ConclusionChange in physiological response in premenstrual syndrome group is because of increased sympathetic activity resulting from modulation of neurotransmitter due to hormonal fluctuation.

COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China, but was caused by the original coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2). In early 2020, there was a widespread breakout of cases well over world, resulting in an epidemic that rapidly escalated to become a pandemic. This abruptly shook the global healthcare system. The emergence of the alpha, beta, and delta SARS-CoV-2 were associated with new waves of infections, sometimes across the entire world but until this month i.e., between Nov-Dec, 2021, Delta variant reigned supreme until the emergence of a newer variant i.e., Omicron (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2. Delta had 13 mutations. Of these, nine are in the spike protein, the protrusion on the surface of the virus that helps it latch onto human cells. Specifically, two are in a molecular hook, called the “receptor-binding domain”. Omicron, a creation caused by monstrous mutations. At least 32 mutations are in the spike protein and 10 in the receptor-binding domain. was designated a COVID-19 variant of concern (VoC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 26th November 2021. Structurally, the omicron variant has shown too mutated at antibody binding sites which would leverage them for escaping the possible immune response by the body. We don’t yet know much about the other alterations and how they might affect the virus’s behavior. Omicron COVID-19 strain after identifying individuals with symptoms that were not the same as those seen in the Delta form. People with night sweats have also been reported. The new omicron variant has more mutations than the prevailing rampant delta virus. This makes the newer variant more transmissible, better able to evade itself from various vaccines readily available in the current scenario. These overall increases in the percentage changes in a single day cases of COVID-19 reported cases can be attributed to the beginning of third wave or can be speculated as newer surge of omicron variant cases. Yet another new variant has been detected in France with 46 mutations and 37 deletions in its genetic code, many affecting the spike protein. ‘B.1.640.2’ is the current nomenclature for this variation.