Summary Seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. (2n=24), an oil yielding plant, were treated with different doses (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 kR) of gamma rays. Three translocation heterozygotes were observed at meiotic division for 10-and 25-kR doses. The induced translocation heterozygotes showed a ring or chain of four chromosomes in most of the cells at diakinesis/metaphase I. The induced mutants showed unequal distribution at anaphase I, reduced vigour, delayed flowering, low flower number, low pollen fertility, and low seed sets as compared to control plants. Induction of permanent chromosomal structural changes may also sometime bring out favorable morphological variation. It is expected that the mutant, when established, could be used in further cytological and breeding programs.

Summary A population of cultivated Haworthia limifolia displayed various types of chromosomal configurations at anaphase/telophase-I and -II due to inversion heterozygosity. It was characterized by the presence of bridge and fragment because of various numbers and positions of crossovers in the inversion loop. The heterozygous condition led to reduced pollen fertility.

In this paper, PID optimization (CPID) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) are used to tune the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller to design a coordination stabilizer based on PID-UPFC. These two are often used to adjust the parameters of the PID controller. The proposed method is easy to implement and offers better stability. The proposed work is performed under MATLAB software. Basically, in this article, compare this CP-ID and GA-PID on the basis of waveform, settlement time and maximum overshoot. When the comparison is made, it is found that the performance of GA- PID is better than the performance of CPID. The GA-PID controller provides better stability, improved steady-state error, and the time required for the signal to rise, i.e. rise time, is also minimized. Simulation results show fast response from GA-PID controller.

Eco-friendly technologies involved making use of alternative energy source which is abundant to generate renewable energy, reducing the amount of resource which is limited used through the conventional like fossil fuel.  For example renewable resources like sunlight, sea water and co2 which are abundant generating alternative resource like biofuel, solar energy, freshwater and air purification through greenhouse, vegetation and halophytes cultivation stabilize the degraded desert soil and as wind breaks reduce the impact of pollutants on the environment.