Forensic odontology is the application of dental principles to legal issues. It is an investigative aspect of dentistry that analyzes dental evidence for human identification. Sex determination is a subdivision of forensic odontology, and it is important especially when information relating to the deceased is unavailable. Sex determination becomes the first priority in the process of identification of a person by a forensic investigator in the case of mishaps, chemical and nuclear bomb explosions, natural disasters, crime investigations, and ethnic studies. Determination of sex/gender using skeletal remains presents a great problem to forensic experts, especially when only fragments of body are recovered. Forensic odontologist can assist other experts to determine the sex of the remains using teeth and skull traits. Various features of teeth such as morphology, crown size, and root length are characteristics for male and female sexes. There are also differences in the skull pattern and skull traits of two sexes. These will help forensic odontologists to identify the sex of the remains. The library dissertation contents and several articles and books were electronically searched in Google using the keywords “sex determination,” “forensic dentistry,” “sex determination in forensic dentistry.” The contents were screened between 1950 and 2015 by going through the title and abstracts and full-text reading. The purpose of this article is to familiarize the different methods of sex determination.

Context: Haller's cells or infraorbital ethmoid cells refer to the ethmoidal pneumatization of the superior aspect of the maxillary sinus, and floor of the orbit can be seen on panoramic radiographs. They appear as well-defined, round-, oval-, or teardrop-shaped radiolucencies with smooth corticated or noncorticated borders. Aims and Objective: To determine the prevalence and scrutinize the characteristics of Haller's cells on panoramic radiographs. Settings and Design: The present study is a cross-sectional study carried out in institutional setting. Subjects and Methods: The study group comprised 300 individuals with an age range of 08–80 years selected by convenient sampling method. Three hundred panoramic radiographs were examined for the presence of Haller's cells under ideal viewing conditions by two radiologists. Statistical Analysis Used: The data collected were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 20 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to obtain the results. Chi-square test was performed, and significance was set at 0.05 levels. Results: Haller's cells were identified in 30/300 individuals giving a prevalence of 10% with 18 Haller's cells in males and 12 in females. Among the 30 Haller's cells, 14 were unilateral and 16 were bilateral. Most of the Haller's cells were oval followed by round shape. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of Haller's cells is relatively low and is in harmony with other studies conducted in various geographic populations. Knowledge of Haller's cells while interpreting panoramic radiographs is essential to forewarn surgeons before endonasal procedures, thus preventing any untoward intraoperative complications.

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The skin & mucosa form the largest organ system in the body. There are many dermatologic condition that affect the skin of the face & perioral areas. Several diseases that are primary to the oral mucosa or systemic diseases with oral manifestation that may require topical agents.