Biochar has gained attention as an alternative source of solid energy and for the proper disposal of agricultural biomass waste (ABW). Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) is a promising approach for the production of biochar. This review article presents the beneficial use of biochar for soil fertilization, machine learning (ML), the circular bioeconomy, and the technology readiness level. The use of machine learning techniques helps to design, predict, and optimize the process. It can also improve the accuracy and efficacy of the biochar production process, thereby reducing costs. Furthermore, the use of biochar as a soil amendment can be an attractive option for farmers. The incorporation of biochar into soil has been shown to improve soil fertility, water retention, and crop productivity. This can lead to reduced dependence on synthetic fertilizers and increased agricultural yields. The development of a biochar economy has the potential to create new job opportunities and increase the national gross domestic product (GDP). Small-scale enterprises can play a significant role in the production and distribution of biochar, providing value-added products and helping to promote sustainable agriculture.
Every day, the need for composite materials grows. The physical and chemical characteristics of the constituent materials inside the hybrid composite impact the final structure. The rate at which these individual properties are sustained varies, but it has an impact on the final properties of hybrid composites. Sporting goods and lightweight orthopaedic components are made from hybrid composites. Glass fibre epoxy and sawdust are utilised to construct hybrid composites in this study, using glass fibre to epoxy resin ratios of (60:40, 60:39, 60:38, 60:37).The current research involves the creation of hybrid composites and their study for flexural and tensile strength under various load conditions. Applying resin and hardener, as well as inserting reinforcement, is repeated in the hand-layup manufacturing process to improve characteristics and create a laminate form. They improve fatigue and fracture resistance while providing dimensional stability and weight savings.
The main aim of the article is intended to design an effective Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger (PFHX) with composite materials such as SS316 + copper and SS304 + Flyash in a counterflow type. These are brazed together with the method of salt bath brazing and vacuum brazing. The study presents the analytical formulation of heat transfer and fluid flow in PFHX design to predict the enhancement of heat transfer and overall heat transfer coefficient, finite difference method is suggested for analyzing the hot and cold fluids. Moreover, Quantum particle swarm optimization with the radial basis function is proposed for accurate prediction of heat transfer enhancement. The findings of the research demonstrate that the design structure of PFHX with the composite materials is analyzed using a microscopic approach and eroded test. The proposed study is performed using various types of coolants namely MFC, ECSTAR, and TFC anti-freeze coolants with water, and the thermophysical properties of the coolants are also analyzed. The findings demonstrate that the variation between the experimental and theoretical results is less than 3.26%, this indicates that the proposed method is effective for heat exchanger design and the optimization algorithm is more feasible than the analytical results. Hence, the outcome of this study offers a better prediction analysis of heat transfer enhancement using PFHX.
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